ESL Praxis Study Guide – Flashcards

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Direct Method
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Students listen to dialogue, then answer a series of questions, visual aids & pantomime used
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Direct Method
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use target language in instruction to communicate and think in target language. Constant question and response with teacher and students.
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Grammar-Translation
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Taught in native language. Focus on memorizing vocabulary translating literature passages.
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Grammar- Translation
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develops appreciation of the target language as well as teaching the language. To read literature in target language, very teacher directed.
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Audio-Lingual
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Learn set patterns and then substitute in new words. Stress pronunciation and repetitive drills.
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Audio- Lingual
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Learn structural form of the language, acquire core sets of language habits. Teacher reinforces correct responses, teacher directed
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Community Language Learning
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Counselor facilitates and supports students in communicating with a group. Students choose what they want to learn.
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Total Physical Response (TPR)
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Use of acting out, games, and skill- kinesthetic
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The Silent Way
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Students take responsibility for their own learning. Teacher is silent most of the time. Speaks to give clues, not model language.
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Suggestopedia
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To learn at an accelerated pace for everyday communication. Immersion.
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CALLA (Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach)
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teaches explicit learning strategies while language is taught through content. Great for middle school and high school teachers.
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CALLA
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Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach.
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Natural Approach
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Krashen's acquisition theories. Provide low risk context for natural acquisition occur. Teacher teaches in context (theme based)
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SIOP Lesson Preparation
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Should have clear content and language objectives. Contents appropriate to age and background. Supplement with materials, and meaningful activities.
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SIOP Building Background
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Links concepts to background knowledge and to past learning. Emphasize key vocabulary.
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SIOP Comprehensible Unit
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Use speech appropriate to students' proficiency level. Have clear explanation of academic tasks.
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SIOP Strategies
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Opportunities for students to use learning strategies and provide scaffolding. Use a variety of question types to promote higher-order thinking.
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SIOP Interaction
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Frequent discussion among teacher/students, students/students about the key concepts. Group students to support lesson objectives, provide wait time for student responses.
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SIOP Practice and Application
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Provide hands-on materials or manipulatives. Activities to apply knowledge, activities that integrate all four language skills (reading, writing, speaking, listening).
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SIOP
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Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol. A system for teaching language and content effectively.
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Sheltered Instruction
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the use of clear, direct, simple English and wide range of scaffolding strategies to communicate meaningful input in the content area to ELLs above the beginner level.
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Scaffolding
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Increased wait time, paraphrasing, use of visuals
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English Immersion
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almost 100% of class is taught in the target language
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Two- Way Immersion/Dual Language
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student population of 2 or more languages (50/50 L1, L2)
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Transitional Bilingual
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a bilingual program designed to move students to English proficiency as soon as possible. Then native language is discontinued.
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Maintenance Bilingual
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a bilingual program that strives for full bilingualism and bi-literacy. Native language instruction continues after English proficiency is attained.
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Integrated Language Approach
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Language is learned best when it is whole and in context. Focus on meaning and using language to communicate reading writing, speaking, and listening are all essential components.
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Key Components of Effective ESL Instruction
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1. Clearly defined language and content objectives 2. Building background knowledge 3. Comprehensible Input 4. Strategies 5. Opportunities for student interaction 6. Practice and Application 7. Effective lesson delivery 8. Review and Assessment of key vocabulary and key content objectives.
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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
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Stephen Krashen says reading material should be slightly above students' independent reading level (i+1).
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Linguistic Approach
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based on letter-sound correspondence
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Basal Reading Approach
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skills are taught in a sequential order based on material contained in basal reader
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Sight Word Approach
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memorize words as a whole
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Language Experience Approach
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a reading strategy where students dictate stories to the teacher who records them, using students' own vocabulary, grammar, and experiences to form the basic reading material.
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IATEFL
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International Association of Teachers of English as a foreign language
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TESOL
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Teachers of English Speakers of other Languages. They publish a research journal quarterly.
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ACTFL
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American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages
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NAFSA
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National Association of International Educators
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LFS
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Limited formal schooling
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BICS
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Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
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CALP
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Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
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ESL
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English as a Second Language
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LEP
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Limited English Proficiency
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LES
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Limited English Speaker
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FES
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Fluent English Speaker
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NEP
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Non-English Proficient
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NES
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Non-English Speaking
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ELL
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English Language Learner
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ESOL
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English to speakers of other Languages
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IPT
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Idea Proficiency Test
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LAS
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Language Assessment Scale
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KELPA
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Kansas English Language Proficiency Assessment
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L1
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First Language
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L2
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Second language
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Implicit Instruction
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wide reading is how most new words are acquired
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Explicit Instruction
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providing definitions and examples
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Multiple Exposures
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to vocabulary is critical
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Cognates
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Words with similar roots in L1 and L2. Should be pointed out to students (escuela and school)
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False Cognates
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words that sound similar, but have no meaning in common
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Phonology
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the study of sounds or a particular language and the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of the syllables
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phoneme
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the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning
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morphology
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the study of words and their internal organization
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orthography
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the study of sound and spelling English has a "deep orthography" with many rules and options for letter/sound correspondence
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morpheme
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the smallest grammatical unit that is indivisible without violating meaning or producing meaningless sounds-dog
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bound morpheme
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must be attached to a root word to have meaning (suffixes and prefixes)
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free morphemes
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base in rot words that can stand alone
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syntax (grammar)
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governs the form or structure of a language (sentences). Specifics what word combinations are acceptable and what ones are not.
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pragmatics
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the way language is used to communicate. The how, why, when, and where language is used.
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Linguistics
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the study of language
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phonetics
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the study of sounds across languages
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minimal pairs
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a pair of words that differ by only 1 phoneme (dog/bog)
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phones
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the group of sounds that make up a phoneme
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inflectional morphemes
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affixes that can be added to a morpheme without changing its part of speech/suffixes
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derivational morphemes
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affixes that can be added to a morpheme to change its meaning and may change its part of speech
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voicless stops
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p, t, k
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voiced stops
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b, d, g
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diagraph
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two letter spelling for 1 phoneme
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consonant diagraph
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two consonants pronounced a a single sound (ch, sh, th, wh)
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consonant cluster
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a group of 2 or more consonant together with no intervening vowel (ex: pl, st. caught)
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stops
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formed by completely blocking the air and releasing it bilabials- stopped at lips
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fricatives
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produced by a constant flow of air through the vocal tract (f and v)
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affricatives
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produced by briefly stopping air and then releasing it with some friction (church)
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nasals
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sound comes through the nose (m)
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liquids
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make a smooth sound (l and r)
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blends
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two letters that are pronounced together with each letter retaining it pronunciation
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aspiration
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a strong burst of air that accompanies either the release or closure of some consonant sound formed by obstructing airflow
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phoneme substitution
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mispronouncing phonemes- usually with one articulated in a similar positioning of the mouth
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over generalization
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applying a rule of syntax to all situations "goed, "comed", vs "went" and "came"
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fossilization
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the point past which language learners can not progress without exceptional effort
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semantics
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the study of word meanings, idioms, and non-literal expressions
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rising intonation
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usually used at the end of questions
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homophones
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two words with same pronunciation
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allophones
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all the phones that make up on phoneme
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number agreement
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using singular/plural form of nouns correctly
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jargon
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technical vocabulary associated with a special activity
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discourse
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larger units of language used in particular context
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lexicon
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the words and meanings in a language
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pragmatics
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the intent of language, what the speaker means to convey
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register
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the type of language used in a particular context (casual, professional)
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idiom
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a phrase that makes no sense taken literally. It was raining cats and dogs
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code switching
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alternating between two or more languages, dialects, or registers in a single conversation
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negative transfer
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applying rules of syntax from first language to the second language (ex: I saw the car blue)
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silent period
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understanding language before being able to produce. The first state of language acquisition
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Invented spelling
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using knowledge of letter names to try to spell words, best judgment of spelling (ex: elafunt for elephant)
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Learning/Acquistion Hypothesis
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Krashen's theory in which learning is a conscious process; acquisition is a subconscious process. "Learned" language is quickly forgotten
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Natural Order Hypothesis
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features of speech appear in predictable order; sounds come first with some coming before others; statements before questions and positives before negative; order is determine by the language acquired, not the first language
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Monitor Hypothesis
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rules are used to double check what we say or write; requires time; focus on how something is said rather than the message itself; "middle of the road" is the best approach to monitoring
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Input Hypothesis
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input should be slightly beyond students' current level (i+1) for acquisition to occur; pictures, gestures, tone of voice help make input comprehensible; frequently use key vocabulary words.
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Affective Filter Hypothesis
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nervousness, boredom, and anxiety have a negative affect on comprehension
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Cummins
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says it takes 5 to 7 years to learn academic English (new research suggest now 7-10 years)
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Vgotsky
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developed "zone of proximal development" theory. Must work at appropriate development level- not to hard or to easy- in order to learn
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active voice
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when the subject performs action in the sentence (John carried the papers to the desk)
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passive voice
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when the action is performed by an unknown agent (The papers were carried to the desk)
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personal pronouns
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takes the place of a name of a person, place, or thing
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relative pronoun
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used to relate to another noun in the sentence
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indefinite pronouns
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refer to an unknown person, place or thing
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demonstrative pronouns
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stand in place for a person, thing that must be pointed to (That car is the one I want)
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Interrogative Pronouns
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used to ask questions
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reflexive pronouns
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refer back to the person to whom the pronoun refers
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ESL Placement Process
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1. All students given home language survey 2. Students identified as ELL's are assessed 3. Students who test NES or LES are recommend for ESL 4. Parent Permission is sent and outcome plan is written 5. Students continue in ESL until proficient 6. After exit, monitor for 2 years
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Ethnocentrism
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the tendency to evaluate other groups according to the values and standards of ones own ethnic group, especially with the conviction that one;s own ethnic group is superior to the other groups
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Enculturation
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the process of learning one's culture
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Melting Pot Theory
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when people form other cultures assimilate to the point where their original identities and culture disappear- they become a uniform culture
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Multiculturalism
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cultures mix together in a culture of respect for diversity. Groups retain their culture identities
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Castaneda v. Pickard
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Segregation of ELL's only permissible when the benefits of remedying language barriers outweigh adverse affects of segregation
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Lao v. Nichols
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can't discriminate based on language and must provide appropriate educational accommodations to non English speakers.
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United States code 1703
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no state shall deny education opportunity b/c of race, color, or national origin by failure of an educational agency to provide services to overcome language barriers that impede participation of students in its instructional programs
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Title VI- Civil Rights Act 1964
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no person b/c of race, color, or national origin shall be excluded from participation nor denied benefits, or otherwise subject to discrimination if program receives federal funds.
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Title VI
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prohibits denial of equal access b/c of limited English proficiency. Specifically prohibits programs that don't teach English as soon as possible.
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Equal Education Opportunities Act of 1974
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required schools to design language programs to climate language barriers in schools
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Plyer vs Doe
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14th amendment prohibits states from denying a free public education to undocumented children. Prohibits schools from request of any documentation of legal status.
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Title III
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requires Ell's to receive equal numbers of textbooks and other resources as their English speaking peers
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NCLB
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requires annual assessments of ELL's in reading and math, requires annual assessments of ELL's proficiency and progress in English and increases state and local accountability for LEP students' progress.
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Cummins'
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had theories on BICS and CALP
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Krashen
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had theories on comprehensible input (i+1)
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Behaviorism
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learning is a process of stimulus and response. What is reinforced is repeated
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Constructivism
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students create their knowledge through real life experiences
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TESOL standards
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social language, academic language, sociocultural knowledge
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