ESL Praxis Study Guide – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Direct Method
answer
Students listen to dialogue, then answer a series of questions, visual aids & pantomime used
question
Direct Method
answer
use target language in instruction to communicate and think in target language. Constant question and response with teacher and students.
question
Grammar-Translation
answer
Taught in native language. Focus on memorizing vocabulary translating literature passages.
question
Grammar- Translation
answer
develops appreciation of the target language as well as teaching the language. To read literature in target language, very teacher directed.
question
Audio-Lingual
answer
Learn set patterns and then substitute in new words. Stress pronunciation and repetitive drills.
question
Audio- Lingual
answer
Learn structural form of the language, acquire core sets of language habits. Teacher reinforces correct responses, teacher directed
question
Community Language Learning
answer
Counselor facilitates and supports students in communicating with a group. Students choose what they want to learn.
question
Total Physical Response (TPR)
answer
Use of acting out, games, and skill- kinesthetic
question
The Silent Way
answer
Students take responsibility for their own learning. Teacher is silent most of the time. Speaks to give clues, not model language.
question
Suggestopedia
answer
To learn at an accelerated pace for everyday communication. Immersion.
question
CALLA (Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach)
answer
teaches explicit learning strategies while language is taught through content. Great for middle school and high school teachers.
question
CALLA
answer
Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach.
question
Natural Approach
answer
Krashen's acquisition theories. Provide low risk context for natural acquisition occur. Teacher teaches in context (theme based)
question
SIOP Lesson Preparation
answer
Should have clear content and language objectives. Contents appropriate to age and background. Supplement with materials, and meaningful activities.
question
SIOP Building Background
answer
Links concepts to background knowledge and to past learning. Emphasize key vocabulary.
question
SIOP Comprehensible Unit
answer
Use speech appropriate to students' proficiency level. Have clear explanation of academic tasks.
question
SIOP Strategies
answer
Opportunities for students to use learning strategies and provide scaffolding. Use a variety of question types to promote higher-order thinking.
question
SIOP Interaction
answer
Frequent discussion among teacher/students, students/students about the key concepts. Group students to support lesson objectives, provide wait time for student responses.
question
SIOP Practice and Application
answer
Provide hands-on materials or manipulatives. Activities to apply knowledge, activities that integrate all four language skills (reading, writing, speaking, listening).
question
SIOP
answer
Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol. A system for teaching language and content effectively.
question
Sheltered Instruction
answer
the use of clear, direct, simple English and wide range of scaffolding strategies to communicate meaningful input in the content area to ELLs above the beginner level.
question
Scaffolding
answer
Increased wait time, paraphrasing, use of visuals
question
English Immersion
answer
almost 100% of class is taught in the target language
question
Two- Way Immersion/Dual Language
answer
student population of 2 or more languages (50/50 L1, L2)
question
Transitional Bilingual
answer
a bilingual program designed to move students to English proficiency as soon as possible. Then native language is discontinued.
question
Maintenance Bilingual
answer
a bilingual program that strives for full bilingualism and bi-literacy. Native language instruction continues after English proficiency is attained.
question
Integrated Language Approach
answer
Language is learned best when it is whole and in context. Focus on meaning and using language to communicate reading writing, speaking, and listening are all essential components.
question
Key Components of Effective ESL Instruction
answer
1. Clearly defined language and content objectives 2. Building background knowledge 3. Comprehensible Input 4. Strategies 5. Opportunities for student interaction 6. Practice and Application 7. Effective lesson delivery 8. Review and Assessment of key vocabulary and key content objectives.
question
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
answer
Stephen Krashen says reading material should be slightly above students' independent reading level (i+1).
question
Linguistic Approach
answer
based on letter-sound correspondence
question
Basal Reading Approach
answer
skills are taught in a sequential order based on material contained in basal reader
question
Sight Word Approach
answer
memorize words as a whole
question
Language Experience Approach
answer
a reading strategy where students dictate stories to the teacher who records them, using students' own vocabulary, grammar, and experiences to form the basic reading material.
question
IATEFL
answer
International Association of Teachers of English as a foreign language
question
TESOL
answer
Teachers of English Speakers of other Languages. They publish a research journal quarterly.
question
ACTFL
answer
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages
question
NAFSA
answer
National Association of International Educators
question
LFS
answer
Limited formal schooling
question
BICS
answer
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
question
CALP
answer
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
question
ESL
answer
English as a Second Language
question
LEP
answer
Limited English Proficiency
question
LES
answer
Limited English Speaker
question
FES
answer
Fluent English Speaker
question
NEP
answer
Non-English Proficient
question
NES
answer
Non-English Speaking
question
ELL
answer
English Language Learner
question
ESOL
answer
English to speakers of other Languages
question
IPT
answer
Idea Proficiency Test
question
LAS
answer
Language Assessment Scale
question
KELPA
answer
Kansas English Language Proficiency Assessment
question
L1
answer
First Language
question
L2
answer
Second language
question
Implicit Instruction
answer
wide reading is how most new words are acquired
question
Explicit Instruction
answer
providing definitions and examples
question
Multiple Exposures
answer
to vocabulary is critical
question
Cognates
answer
Words with similar roots in L1 and L2. Should be pointed out to students (escuela and school)
question
False Cognates
answer
words that sound similar, but have no meaning in common
question
Phonology
answer
the study of sounds or a particular language and the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of the syllables
question
phoneme
answer
the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning
question
morphology
answer
the study of words and their internal organization
question
orthography
answer
the study of sound and spelling English has a "deep orthography" with many rules and options for letter/sound correspondence
question
morpheme
answer
the smallest grammatical unit that is indivisible without violating meaning or producing meaningless sounds-dog
question
bound morpheme
answer
must be attached to a root word to have meaning (suffixes and prefixes)
question
free morphemes
answer
base in rot words that can stand alone
question
syntax (grammar)
answer
governs the form or structure of a language (sentences). Specifics what word combinations are acceptable and what ones are not.
question
pragmatics
answer
the way language is used to communicate. The how, why, when, and where language is used.
question
Linguistics
answer
the study of language
question
phonetics
answer
the study of sounds across languages
question
minimal pairs
answer
a pair of words that differ by only 1 phoneme (dog/bog)
question
phones
answer
the group of sounds that make up a phoneme
question
inflectional morphemes
answer
affixes that can be added to a morpheme without changing its part of speech/suffixes
question
derivational morphemes
answer
affixes that can be added to a morpheme to change its meaning and may change its part of speech
question
voicless stops
answer
p, t, k
question
voiced stops
answer
b, d, g
question
diagraph
answer
two letter spelling for 1 phoneme
question
consonant diagraph
answer
two consonants pronounced a a single sound (ch, sh, th, wh)
question
consonant cluster
answer
a group of 2 or more consonant together with no intervening vowel (ex: pl, st. caught)
question
stops
answer
formed by completely blocking the air and releasing it bilabials- stopped at lips
question
fricatives
answer
produced by a constant flow of air through the vocal tract (f and v)
question
affricatives
answer
produced by briefly stopping air and then releasing it with some friction (church)
question
nasals
answer
sound comes through the nose (m)
question
liquids
answer
make a smooth sound (l and r)
question
blends
answer
two letters that are pronounced together with each letter retaining it pronunciation
question
aspiration
answer
a strong burst of air that accompanies either the release or closure of some consonant sound formed by obstructing airflow
question
phoneme substitution
answer
mispronouncing phonemes- usually with one articulated in a similar positioning of the mouth
question
over generalization
answer
applying a rule of syntax to all situations "goed, "comed", vs "went" and "came"
question
fossilization
answer
the point past which language learners can not progress without exceptional effort
question
semantics
answer
the study of word meanings, idioms, and non-literal expressions
question
rising intonation
answer
usually used at the end of questions
question
homophones
answer
two words with same pronunciation
question
allophones
answer
all the phones that make up on phoneme
question
number agreement
answer
using singular/plural form of nouns correctly
question
jargon
answer
technical vocabulary associated with a special activity
question
discourse
answer
larger units of language used in particular context
question
lexicon
answer
the words and meanings in a language
question
pragmatics
answer
the intent of language, what the speaker means to convey
question
register
answer
the type of language used in a particular context (casual, professional)
question
idiom
answer
a phrase that makes no sense taken literally. It was raining cats and dogs
question
code switching
answer
alternating between two or more languages, dialects, or registers in a single conversation
question
negative transfer
answer
applying rules of syntax from first language to the second language (ex: I saw the car blue)
question
silent period
answer
understanding language before being able to produce. The first state of language acquisition
question
Invented spelling
answer
using knowledge of letter names to try to spell words, best judgment of spelling (ex: elafunt for elephant)
question
Learning/Acquistion Hypothesis
answer
Krashen's theory in which learning is a conscious process; acquisition is a subconscious process. "Learned" language is quickly forgotten
question
Natural Order Hypothesis
answer
features of speech appear in predictable order; sounds come first with some coming before others; statements before questions and positives before negative; order is determine by the language acquired, not the first language
question
Monitor Hypothesis
answer
rules are used to double check what we say or write; requires time; focus on how something is said rather than the message itself; "middle of the road" is the best approach to monitoring
question
Input Hypothesis
answer
input should be slightly beyond students' current level (i+1) for acquisition to occur; pictures, gestures, tone of voice help make input comprehensible; frequently use key vocabulary words.
question
Affective Filter Hypothesis
answer
nervousness, boredom, and anxiety have a negative affect on comprehension
question
Cummins
answer
says it takes 5 to 7 years to learn academic English (new research suggest now 7-10 years)
question
Vgotsky
answer
developed "zone of proximal development" theory. Must work at appropriate development level- not to hard or to easy- in order to learn
question
active voice
answer
when the subject performs action in the sentence (John carried the papers to the desk)
question
passive voice
answer
when the action is performed by an unknown agent (The papers were carried to the desk)
question
personal pronouns
answer
takes the place of a name of a person, place, or thing
question
relative pronoun
answer
used to relate to another noun in the sentence
question
indefinite pronouns
answer
refer to an unknown person, place or thing
question
demonstrative pronouns
answer
stand in place for a person, thing that must be pointed to (That car is the one I want)
question
Interrogative Pronouns
answer
used to ask questions
question
reflexive pronouns
answer
refer back to the person to whom the pronoun refers
question
ESL Placement Process
answer
1. All students given home language survey 2. Students identified as ELL's are assessed 3. Students who test NES or LES are recommend for ESL 4. Parent Permission is sent and outcome plan is written 5. Students continue in ESL until proficient 6. After exit, monitor for 2 years
question
Ethnocentrism
answer
the tendency to evaluate other groups according to the values and standards of ones own ethnic group, especially with the conviction that one;s own ethnic group is superior to the other groups
question
Enculturation
answer
the process of learning one's culture
question
Melting Pot Theory
answer
when people form other cultures assimilate to the point where their original identities and culture disappear- they become a uniform culture
question
Multiculturalism
answer
cultures mix together in a culture of respect for diversity. Groups retain their culture identities
question
Castaneda v. Pickard
answer
Segregation of ELL's only permissible when the benefits of remedying language barriers outweigh adverse affects of segregation
question
Lao v. Nichols
answer
can't discriminate based on language and must provide appropriate educational accommodations to non English speakers.
question
United States code 1703
answer
no state shall deny education opportunity b/c of race, color, or national origin by failure of an educational agency to provide services to overcome language barriers that impede participation of students in its instructional programs
question
Title VI- Civil Rights Act 1964
answer
no person b/c of race, color, or national origin shall be excluded from participation nor denied benefits, or otherwise subject to discrimination if program receives federal funds.
question
Title VI
answer
prohibits denial of equal access b/c of limited English proficiency. Specifically prohibits programs that don't teach English as soon as possible.
question
Equal Education Opportunities Act of 1974
answer
required schools to design language programs to climate language barriers in schools
question
Plyer vs Doe
answer
14th amendment prohibits states from denying a free public education to undocumented children. Prohibits schools from request of any documentation of legal status.
question
Title III
answer
requires Ell's to receive equal numbers of textbooks and other resources as their English speaking peers
question
NCLB
answer
requires annual assessments of ELL's in reading and math, requires annual assessments of ELL's proficiency and progress in English and increases state and local accountability for LEP students' progress.
question
Cummins'
answer
had theories on BICS and CALP
question
Krashen
answer
had theories on comprehensible input (i+1)
question
Behaviorism
answer
learning is a process of stimulus and response. What is reinforced is repeated
question
Constructivism
answer
students create their knowledge through real life experiences
question
TESOL standards
answer
social language, academic language, sociocultural knowledge
