question

Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic is known as

answer

determinant

question

Illness due to a specific disease or health condition is known as

answer

morbidity

question

Whether a contaminated food such as tomatoes caused an outbreak of gastrointestinal disease is a simple example of

answer

a casual association

question

Epidemiology searches for associations between exposures and

answer

health outcomes

question

A vaccine that provided immunity to smallpox was created by

answer

Edward Jenner

question

Which of the following disease outbreaks occurred between 1346 and 1352 and claimed up to one-third of the population of Europe

answer

black death

question

The probability that an event will occur—an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or by a certain age—is known as

answer

risk

question

All of the following are considered ratios except

answer

time

question

Epidemiologic measures provide the following types of information

answer

all

question

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as

answer

the population at risk

question

According to a national survey of asthma: On May 1, 2010, the number of residents of Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2010, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. The incidence rate of asthma (per 100,000) would be expressed as

answer

(C/B) x 100,000

question

According to a national survey of asthma: On May 1, 2010, the number of residents of Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2010, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. The point prevalence of asthma (percent) would be expressed as

answer

(A/B) x 100

question

When the incidence rate of a disease increases, the prevalence will

answer

increase

question

The number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons who are afflicted with the disease is known as

answer

case fatality rate

question

If A equals the number of deaths in 2009 and B equals the population at the midpoint of 2009 and C equals the number of persons aged 15-24, then the crude death rate per 100,000 population would be

answer

(A/B) × 100,000

question

The BRFSS

answer

all

question

All of the following are considered vital events EXCEPT

answer

graduation

question

Monitoring cancer trends in the U.S. population over time is a major application of

answer

registries

question

Using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response is known as

answer

syndromic surveillance

question

Examples of reportable and notifiable diseases include

answer

all

question

A centralized database for collection of information about diseases such as cancer is known as

answer

registry

question

The number of live births during a specified period such as a year per the resident population during the midpoint of the year is the

answer

crude birth rate

question

The number of live births reported in an area during a given time interval divided by the number of women aged 15 to 44 is known as

answer

general fertility rate

question

The number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births plus late fetal deaths during a year is the

answer

perinatal mortality rate

question

The type of virus responsible for sending hundreds of children living in the Midwest US to hospitals with respiratory illness in August and September of 2014 is a strain of

answer

enterovirus

question

The exact strain of virus making children ill with respiratory symptoms in an Midwest US epidemic in the fall of 2014 is-

answer

EVD-68

question

When the value of one variable increases and the value of another variable concomitantly decreases, the association is

answer

negative

question

A graphic plotting of the distribution of cases by time of onset is a(n)

answer

epidemic curve

question

When the value of one variable increases and the value of a second variable concomitantly increases, the association is

answer

positive

question

A type of correlative association between an exposure and effect is a

answer

Dose-response relationship

question

The lowest dose at which a particular response occurs is known as the

answer

Threshold

question

The category in a frequency distribution that has the highest frequency of cases is known as the

answer

mode

question

A type of variable that can have an infinite number of values within a specified range is

answer

continuous

question

With respect to derivation of hypotheses, a type of association in which the frequency of an outcome increases with the frequency of exposure to a factor is known as

answer

method of concomitant variation

question

The time period between initial exposure and a measurable response is known as

answer

latency

question

For which of the following criteria do epidemiologists need to observe the cause before the effect

answer

temporality

question

The web of causation model specifies a type of causal relationship that is

answer

multifactorial

question

The process of defining measurement procedures for the variables used in a study is

answer

operationalization

question

A range of values that with a certain degree of probability contain the population parameter is known as a

answer

confidence interval estimate

question

The ability of a study to demonstrate an association if one exists is known as-

answer

power

question

In epidemiology, person variables include

answer

socioeconomic status and race

question

For both males and females, what type of cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality

answer

Lung and bronchus cancer

question

What factors may be considered when measuring socioeconomic status?

answer

all

question

Differences in the occurrence of diseases and adverse health conditions in the population are known as

answer

health disparities

question

In epidemiology, place variables include

answer

localized occurrence of disease

question

Variations in infectious and chronic diseases from one country to another may be attributed to

answer

all

question

Urban diseases and causes of mortality are more likely to be those spread by

answer

person to person, crowding

question

Increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease within a year or over a period of several years are known as

answer

cyclic trends

question

Gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long periods refer to

answer

secular trends

question

The term that indicates cases of disease that occur in a specific geographic region is

answer

spatial clustering

question

Health events that are related in time reflect

answer

temporal clustering

question

A type of prevalence study in which exposures and distributions of disease are determined at the same time (although the study may only focus on the distribution of disease) is referred to as a

answer

cross-sectional study

question

The generalizability of the findings to the population from which the data have been taken is known as

answer

external validity

question

The number of live births reported in an area during a given time interval divided by the number of women aged 15 to 44 years in the area is known as the

answer

general fertility rate

question

Studies of the effects of exposure to teratogens have used data from

answer

birth certificates

question

At the top of the asthma surveillance pyramid is

answer

mortality

question

The number of live births during a specified period such as a year per the resident population during the midpoint of the year is the

answer

crude birth rate

question

The death of a fetus when it is in the uterus and before it has been delivered is known as

answer

fetal mortality

question

The number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births plus late fetal deaths during a year is the

answer

perinatal mortality rate

question

What is one of the first steps in presenting data after they have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness

answer

count and tabulate cases

question

All of the following are considered ratios except

answer

time

question

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as

answer

the population at risk

question

When the incidence rate of a disease increases, the prevalence will

answer

increase

question

Prevalence measures do not aid in

answer

determining the risk of disease

question

Which factors can decrease an observed prevalence

answer

decrease in incidence, improved cure rates of disease

question

The number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons who are afflicted with the disease is known as

answer

case fatality rate

question

If A equals the number of deaths in 2009 and B equals the population at the midpoint of 2009 and C equals the number of persons aged 15-24, then the crude death rate per 100,000 population would be

answer

(A/B) x 100,000

question

Which of the following scientists discovered the antimicrobial properties of Penicillum notatum, leading to the later development of the antibiotic Penicillin?

answer

Alexander Fleming

question

A method for providing quantitative measurements of risks to health is known as

answer

risk assessment

question

A stage that takes place during the early phases of pathogenesis and includes activities that limit the progression of disease

answer

secondary prevention

question

Which of the following is NOT considered a use of epidemiology

answer

to provide healthcare services to specific individuals

question

Epidemiology searches for associations between exposures and

answer

health outcomes

question

A vaccine that provided immunity to smallpox was created by

answer

Edward Jenner

question

The ancient Greek who contributed to epidemiology by departing from superstitious reasons for disease outbreaks was

answer

Hippocrates

question

The physician who determined that a human disease was caused by a specific living organism and proceeded to develop four postulates to demonstrate the association between a microorganism and a disease was

answer

Robert Koch

question

Which of the following disease outbreaks occurred between 1346 and 1352 and claimed up to one-third of the population of Europe

answer

the black death

question

The probability that an event will occur—an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or by a certain age—is known as

answer

risk

question

Random assignment of subjects to study groups helps to control for

answer

biases due to confounding

question

An erroneous inference that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily reflect the association at an individual level is known as an

answer

ecologic fallacy

question

Used in case-control studies, a type of indirect measure of the association between frequency of exposure and frequency of outcome is known as the

answer

odds ratio

question

Subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then are observed over time to document the incidence of disease in what type of study

answer

prospective cohort study

question

The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence rate of the disease in a nonexposed group is the

answer

relative risk

question

All of the following are advantages of cohort studies EXCEPT

answer

exposures can be misclassified

question

The likelihood of experiencing an adverse effect is called a

answer

risk

question

A plan, or course of action, as of a government, political party, or business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters is known as

answer

a policy

question

A procedure that contrasts the costs and health effects of an intervention is a(n)

answer

cost-effectiveness analysis

question

The adoption of policies, laws, and programs that are supported by empirical health-related data refers to

answer

evidence-based public health

question

The process for identifying adverse consequences and their associated probability is known as

answer

risk assessment

question

The relationship between the amount of exposure and the occurrence of the unwanted health effects refers to

answer

dose-response assessment

question

Which of the following involves the formal adoption of the policies, programs, and procedures that are designed to protect society from public health hazards

answer

policy establishment

question

The ability of a screening test to identify correctly all screened individuals who actually have the disease refers to

answer

sensitivity

question

The ability of a test to identify only nondiseased individuals who actually do not have the disease refers to

answer

specificity

question

The ability of a measuring instrument to give consistent results in repeated trials is known as

answer

reliability

question

A definitive diagnosis that has been determined by biopsy, surgery, autopsy, or other methods and has been accepted as the standard is known as

answer

gold standard

question

The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals is known as

answer

an infection

question

The severity of a disease produced by an infectious agent is referred to as

answer

virulence

question

The first case of a disease to come to the attention of authorities is the

answer

index case

question

The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent is known as

answer

herd immunity

question

An inanimate object that carries infectious disease agents is a

answer

fomite

question

An animate, living insect or animal that is involved with the transmission of disease agents is a

answer

vector

question

The likely transmission of SARS during a 2003 flight to Beijing is thought to have been a(n)

answer

airborne infection

question

Foodborne illnesses can be prevented by

answer

Washing hands and surfaces where food is prepared

question

Which of the following is not a zoonosis

answer

measles

question

Determination of the incubation period for a disease outbreak helps to-

answer

Identify possible infectious agents

question

True or False: Analytic epidemiologic studies focus on causal associations between exposure and outcomes.

answer

1) True

question

True or False: A case-control study can examine only a single outcome or a limited set of outcomes.

answer

1) True

question

True or False: Ecologic studies use the group as the unit of analysis rather than the individual.

answer

1) True

question

True or False: An intervention designed for the purpose of educational and behavioral changes at the population level is a clinical trial.

answer

1) False

question

True or False: Confounding means that the effect of one outcome to another has been distorted by an extraneous factor that has entered into the equation.

answer

1) False

question

True or False: The Hawthorne effect is a bias that results from participants' knowledge of being in a study.

answer

1) True

question

An erroneous inference that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily reflect the association at an individual level is known as an: A. Odds Ratio B. Ecological correlation C. Ecological fallacy D. None of the above

answer

C. Ecological fallacy

question

The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence rate of the disease in a nonexposed group is the: A. Odds ratio B. Relative risk C. Population risk difference D. All of the above

answer

B. Relative risk

question

Groups that are selected for an ecologic study might be residents of a particular: A. State B. County C. Census tract D. All of the above

answer

D. All of the above

question

Which facto(s) distinguish study designs from one another? A. Data collection methods B. Unit of observation C. Timing of data collection D. All of the above

answer

D. All of the above

question

Randomized controlled trials include: A. Prophylactic trials B. Therapeutic trials C. Clinical trials D. All of the above

answer

D. All of the above

question

Subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then are observed over time to document the incidence of disease in what type of study? A. Prospective cohort study B. Case-controlled study C. Cross-sectional study D. Retrospective cohort study

answer

A. Prospective cohort study

question

Randomized controlled trials contain which of the following components: A. Rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria B. Blinding or masking to prevent bias C. Comparable measurement of outcomes in treatment and control conditions D. All of the above

answer

D. All of the above

question

All of the following are advantages of cohort studies except: A. Exposure factor is well defined B. Permit direct observation of risk C. Exposures can be misclassified D. Can study uncommon exposures in a population

answer

C. Exposures can be misclassified

question

Random assignment of subjects to study groups help to control for: A. Directionality of exposure B. Biases due to confounding C. Timing of data collection D. None of the above

answer

B. Biases due to confounding

question

All of the following are disadvantages of case-controlled studies except: A. Measurement of exposure may be inaccurate B. Provides indirect estimates of risk C. Can be used to study low-prevalence conditions D. Representativeness of cases and controls may be unknown

answer

C. Can be used to study low-prevalence conditions

question

Groups that are selected for an ecologic study might be residents of a particular: A. All-cause mortality B. Occupational injuries C. Breast cancer mortality D. All of the above

answer

D. All of the above

question

Used in case-controlled studies, a type of indirect measure of the association between frequency of exposure and frequency of outcome is known as the: A. Odds ratio B. Population risk difference C. Attributable risk D. All of the above

answer

A. Odds ratio

question

The ability of a screening test to correctly identify all screened individuals who actually have the disease refers to: A. Sensitivity B. Specificity C. Positive predictive value D. Negative predictive value

answer

A. Sensitivity

question

The likelihood of experiencing an adverse effect is called a: A. Risk B. Hazard C. Dread D. All of the above

answer

A. Risk

question

The relationship between the amount of exposure and the occurrence of unwanted health effects refers to: A. Risk assessment B. Dose-response assessment C. Exposure assessment D. Risk characterization

answer

B. Dose-response assessment

question

When referring to a toxic substance, exposure assessment must take into account: A. Where the exposure occurs B. How much the exposure occurs C. How the substance is absorbed by the body D. All of the above

answer

D. All of the above

question

The ability of the measuring instrument to give consistent results in repeated trials is known as: A. Reliability B. Predictability C. Specificity D. Sensitivity

answer

A. Reliability

question

A plan, or course of action, as of a government, political party, or business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters is known as: A. Agenda setting B. A policy C. Evidence-based public health D. All of the above

answer

B. A policy

question

A group of persons working on behalf of or strongly supporting a particular cause, such as an item of legislation, an industry, or a special segment of society is known as: A. An interest group B. Stakeholders C. Policy actors D. All of the above

answer

A. An interest group

question

Individuals who are involved in policy formulation, including members of the Legislature, citizens, lobbyists, and advocacy-group representatives are known as: A. Policy actors B. Stakeholders C. Interest groups D. Population representatives

answer

A. Policy actors

question

Which of the following is (are) an example of "simple" health policy questions that pertain to the use of screening tests? A. Who should be screened? B. What conditions should be screened? C. At what age should screening begin? D. All of the above

answer

D. All of the above

question

The adoption of policies, laws, and programs that are supported by empirical data refers to: A. Policy implementation B. Policy establishment C. Evidence-based public health D. All of the above

answer

D. All of the above

question

Which of the following is (are) among the ways that epidemiologists can contribute to health policy? A. Serving as an expert witness B. Working as an advocate C. Conducting and disseminating research D. All of the above

answer

D. All of the above

question

A definitive diagnosis is determined by biopsy, surgery, autopsy, or other methods and has been accepted as the standard is known as: A. Positive predictive value B. Reliability C. Gold standard D. Valid test

answer

C. Gold standard

question

T/F Laws & regulations are developed as methods of policy implementation.

answer

True

question

T/F The policy cycle involves five phases including problem definition/formulation/reformulation, agenda setting, policy establishment, policy implementation and policy assessment.

answer

True

question

T/F The first phase of the policy cycle is regarded as the most crucial phase of the policy development process.

answer

True

question

T/F A weakness of exposure assessment is that high-quality data on exposures are often unreliable.

answer

True

question

T/F Screening tests need to demonstrate reliability & validity.

answer

True

question

T/F Reliability is synonymous with precision, whereas validity is synonymous with accuracy.

answer

True

question

T/F Legitimization refers to the process of making policies legitimate, meaning to be acceptable to the norms of society.

answer

True

question

T/F Although a measure that is invalid can be reliable, it is never possible for a measure that is unreliable to be valid.

answer

True

question

The likelihood of experiencing an adverse effect is called a:

answer

Risk

question

A plan, or course of action, as of a government, political party, or business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, & other matters is known as:

answer

A policy

question

A procedure that contrasts the costs & health effects of an intervention is a(n):

answer

Cost-effectiveness analysis

question

Which of the following is (are) among the ways that epidemiologists can contribute to health policy?

answer

All of the above (Serving as an expert witness, working as an advocate, conducting & disseminating research)

question

A group of persons working on behalf of or strongly supporting a particular cause, such as an item of legislation, an industry, or a special segment of society is known as:

answer

An interest group

question

The adoption of policies, laws, & programs that are supported by empirical data refers to:

answer

Evidence-based public health

question

The process for identifying adverse consequences & their associated probability is known as:

answer

Risk assessment

question

The relationship between the amount of exposure & the occurrence of the unwanted health effects refers to:

answer

Dose-response assessment

question

The ability of a screening test to identify correctly all screened individuals who actually have the disease refers to:

answer

Sensitivity

question

The ability of a test to identify only nondiseased individuals who actually do not have the disease refers to:

answer

Specificity

question

The ability of a measuring instrument to give consistent results in repeated trials is known as:

answer

Reliability

question

A definitive diagnosis that has been determined by biopsy, surgery, autopsy, or other methods and has been accepted as the standard is known as:

answer

Gold standard

question

T/F The host, agent, & environment make up the epidemiologic triangle.

answer

True

question

T/F In developed countries, chronic health problems have replaced infectious diseases as the leading killers during the past century.

answer

True

question

T/F Active immunity is squires from antibodies produced by another person or animal.

answer

False

question

T/F A reservoir can be human beings, animals, insects, soils, and/or plants.

answer

True

question

T/F E. Coli O157:H7 is an example of an emerging infection.

answer

True

question

The entry & development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals is known as:

answer

An infection

question

The severity of a disease produced by an infectious agent is referred to as:

answer

Virulence

question

The first case of a disease to come to the attention of authorities is the:

answer

Index case

question

The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent is known as:

answer

Herd immunity

question

Portals of exit include:

answer

All of the above (Respiratory passages, alimentary canal, skin lesions)

question

Examples of infections caused by indirect transmission of disease agents include:

answer

All of the above (Vehicle-borne infections, airborne infections, vector-borne infections)

question

An inanimate object that carries infectious disease agents is a:

answer

Fomite

question

An animate, living insect or animal that is involved with the transmission of disease agents is a:

answer

Vector

question

Which of the following is a mode of transmission for human immunodeficiency virus?

answer

All of the above (Unprotected sexual intercourse, contact with infected blood, transmission from an infected mother to her child)

question

Foodborne illnesses can be prevented by:

answer

Washing hands & surfaces where food is prepared

question

Examples of zoonotic diseases include:

answer

A & B (Rabies, anthrax)

question

Determination of the incubation period for a disease outbreak helps to:

answer

Identify possible infectious agents

question

Host example:

answer

LSUS student

question

Environment example:

answer

LSUS campus

question

Agent example:

answer

Bacteria, virus, protozoan

question

T/F Stressful life events that fall into domains such as health-related, monetary, and employee associated.

answer

True

question

T/F For some people, stress may be a positive experience that provides challenges.

answer

True

question

T/F Social and behavioral dimensions that impact human health include social adversities, stress, and lifestyle practices.

answer

True

question

T/F Stressful life events can be classified as either positive or negative.

answer

True

question

T/F Chronic strains are life events that occur at a single, short period of time.

answer

False

question

The study of the social distribution of and social determinant of states of health is:

answer

Social epidemiology

question

The study of the roles of consumption of high-fat foods and sedentary lifestyle in health is the domain of:

answer

Behavioral epidemiology

question

A physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and may be a factor in disease causation is:

answer

Stress

question

Techniques for managing or removing sources of stress are known as:

answer

Coping skills

question

Life events that are sustained over a long period of time are known as:

answer

Chronic strains

question

Which of the following is an adverse health outcome associated with cigarette smoking?

answer

All of the above (Coronary heart disease, Stroke, Lung diseases)

question

A pattern of drinking that results in harm to one's health, interpersonal relationships, or ability to work is known as:

answer

Alcohol abuse

question

Which of the following health problems is (are) associated with binge drinking among college students?

answer

All of the above (violence, sexually transmitted diseases, unintentional injuries)

question

Severe tooth decay and loss of teeth occur most commonly among:

answer

Methamphetamine users

question

The study of the occurrence of major depressive episodes in the population is one of the concerns of:

answer

Psychiatric epidemiology

question

The lifetime prevalence of major depressive episodes among U.S. adults aged 17 to 39 years is:

answer

A & C (6% among men and 11% among women, higher among women than among men)

question

An anxiety disorder that some people develop after seeing or living through an event that caused or threatened serious harm or death is known as:

answer

Posttraumatic stress disorder

question

A condition that impairs functioning in the social, communication, and behavioral domains is known as:

answer

Autism

question

Mood disorders include which of the following?

answer

All of the above (dysthymia, any bipolar disorder, major depressive episode)

question

The co-occurrence of two or more mental disorders is known as:

answer

Psychiatric co-morbidity

question

T/F Molecular epidemiology uses molecular markers in addition to genes to establish exposure-disease relationships.

answer

True

question

T/F Certain genes can be markers for susceptibility and do not confer risk on their own.

answer

True

question

T/F Global warming is a controversial topic that refers to the gradual increase in the earth's temperature over time.

answer

True

question

T/F Potentially, global warming could cause disease-carrying arthropods to move towards the north.

answer

True

question

T/F Used electronic equipment and old automobile tires contain lead, mercury, and arsenic.

answer

True

question

T/F Forensic epidemiology monitors levels of excreted drugs in the sewer system in order to assess the level of illicit drug use in a community.

answer

False

question

A host factor that enhances some step in the progression between exposure and disease such that the downstream step is more likely to occur is known as a:

answer

Genetic marker of susceptibility

question

The identification of inherited factors that influence disease is a focus of:

answer

Genetic epidemiology

question

All of the following re examples of diseases known or believed to have a genetic basis EXCEPT:

answer

Chlamydia

question

Major structural birth defects are defined as conditions that:

answer

All of the above (Result from a malfunction, deformation, or disruption in one or more parts of the body, are present at birth, have a serious, adverse effects on health)

question

Environmental epidemiology includes the health effects of exposure to:

answer

All of the above (Radiation, heavy metals, air pollution)

question

Air pollution is linked to which of the following consequences?

answer

A & B (Mortality, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

question

Highly toxic chemicals that persist in the environment have been associated with disruption of the:

answer

All of the above (Immune system, reproductive system, nervous system)

question

The term unintentional injury is preferred to the term:

answer

Accident

question

The three leading causes of unintentional injuries in the United States (2005) were:

answer

Motor vehicle traffic deaths, firearm deaths, and poisonings

question

In 2005, the largest number of deaths due to motor vehicle accidents occurred among persons aged:

answer

15-24 years

question

Sewage wastewater systems contain measurable levels of human metabolic end-products of:

answer

A & B (Prescription medications, illicit drugs)

question

Which factors are related to physical dating violence?

answer

All of the above (Episodic heavy drinking, having attempted suicide)

question

Which of the following methods is (are) applied to forensic epidemiology?

answer

All of the above (Detection of unusual occurrence of disease, use of ongoing surveillance systems, case identification and confirmation)

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