Epidemiology Quiz 6 – Flashcards

Randomized controlled trials include: Choose one answer. A. All of these are correct B. Prophylactic trials C. Therapeutic trials D. Clinical trials

Used in case-control studies, a type of indirect measure of the association between frequency of exposure and frequency of outcome is known as the: Choose one answer. A. Population risk difference B. Odds ratio C. Attributable risk D. All of these are correct

Groups that are selected for an ecologic study might be residents of a particular: Choose one answer. A. State B. County C. Census tract D. All of these are correct

Subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then are observed over time to document the incidence of disease in what type of study? Choose one answer. A. Retrospective cohort study B. Cross-sectional study C. Case-control study D. Prospective cohort study

Randomized controlled trials contain which of the following components: Choose one answer. A. Comparable measurement of outcomes in treatment and control conditions B. All of these are correct C. Rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria D. Blinding or masking to prevent bias

Outcome variables of an ecologic study can include Choose one answer. A. All of these are correct B. Breast cancer mortality C. All-cause mortality D. Occupational injuries

All of the following are advantages of cohort studies EXCEPT: Choose one answer. A. Exposure factor is well defined B. Exposures can be misclassified C. Permit direct observation of risk D. Can study uncommon exposures in a population

Which factor(s) distinguish study designs from one another? Choose one answer. A. Timing of data collection B. Data collection methods C. Unit of observation D. All of these are correct

All of the following are disadvantages of case-control studies EXCEPT: Choose one answer. A. Provide indirect estimates of risk B. Representativeness of cases and controls may be unknown C. Can be used to study low-prevalence conditions D. Measurement of exposure may be inaccurate

An erroneous inference that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily reflect the association at an individual level is known as an: Choose one answer. A. None of these are correct B. Odds ratio C. Ecologic fallacy D. Ecologic correlation