Epidemeology Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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epidemic
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the occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health related behavior, or other health related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy
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pandemic
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an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area
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epidemiology
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is concerned with the distribution and determinants of diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations greek epi (upon) + demos (people) + logy (study of)
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population medicine
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epidemiology
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distribution
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the occurrence of diseases and other health outcomes varies in populations, with some subgroups of the populations more frequently affected than others
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Determinant
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any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic
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exposures
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contact with a disease causing factor or the amount of the factor that impinges upon a group or individuals
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outcomes
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all the possible results that may stem from exposure to a casual factor
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quantification
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counting of cases of illness or other health outcomes
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the natural history of disease
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the course of disease from its beginning to its clinical endpoint
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pre pathogenesis
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the time period in the natural history of the disease before a disease agent (bacteria) has interacted with a host (person)
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pathogenesis
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happens after the person has interacted with the host
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primary prevention
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the prevention of disease before it occurs (stage of prepathogenesis). involves health promotion and specific prevention against diseases
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Secondary Prevention
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takes place during the early stages of pathogenesis and includes activities that limit the progression of the disease. (programs for cancer screening and other chronic diseases)
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tertiary prevention
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later stages of pathogenesis and includes programs for restoring the patients optimal functioning (physical therapy and fitness programs for recovery)
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Interdisciplinary science
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epidemiology uses information from many different fields
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descriptive epidemiology
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epidemiological studies that are concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population. etiology of a disease, aim is to prevent disease? Variables used are: 1. person (ex. race, gender, ethnicity, age) 2. place (countries, region in a country) 3. time (decade, year, month, day,)
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Analytic Epidemiology
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examines casual (etiologic) hypothesis regarding the association between exposures and health conditions. (take advantage of naturally occurring events in order to test casual hypothesis.)
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natural experiments
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the naturally occurring events in analytic studies. naturally occurring circumstances in which subsets of the population have different levels of exposure to a supposed casual factor in a situation resembling an actual experiment, where human subjects are randomly assigned to groups. (however usually not random)
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History of Epi - Hippocrates
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(before 500 AD). Was the first to depart from superstitious reasons for disease outbreaks. environmental factors such as water quality and air were causation for disease
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Black Death
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middle ages between 1346-1352. hit about 1/3 of the population in europe. from bacterai Yersinia pestis. Bubonic plague. bites of fleas harbored by rats and other rodents spread the disease. kills 60% of victims
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Paracelsus
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(1493-1541). one of the founders of toxicology. (it is used to examine the effects of chemicals found in the environment). Contributions: the dose response relationship
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John Grant
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aka columbus of statistics. (1600s) first to employ quantitative methods to describe population vital statistics by organizing mortality data in a mortality table.
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Ramazzini
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the founder of the field of occupational medicine. also studied the manifestations of occupational diseases among many different types of workers
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Sir Percival Pott
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a london surgeon. first to describe an environmental cause of cancer chimney sweepers and scrotal cancer
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Edward Jenner
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developed vaccine for smallpox
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John Snow
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1800s. Believed that Cholera was transmitted by contaminated water and was able to demonstrate this association. Natural experiment Lambeth Company and the Southwark and Vauxhall Company (cause of disease)
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miasmatic theory of disease
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belief that disease was spread by maism or a cloud.
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William Farr
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developed a more sophisticated system for codifying medical conditions than that which was previously in use. used census reports to study mortality in england
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Robert Koch
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German physician. verified that a human disease was caused by a specific living organism. identified the cause of Tuberculosis .
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Pandemic Influenza
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spanish flu (1900s). killed 50 to 100 million people globally. about 1/3 of worlds population developed the illness.
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Alexander Flemming
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discovered penicillin. 1928
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epidemiologic Transition
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describes a shift in patterns of morbidity and morality from causes related primarily to infectious and communicable diseases to causes associated with chronic, degenerative diseases
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demographic transition
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a shift from high birth rates and death rates found in agrarian societies to much lower birth and death rates in developed countries
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Operations research
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a type of study of the placement of health services in a community and the optimum utilization of such services (what services are needed and what services can be discarded)
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Disease Management
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a method of reducing health care costs by providing integrated care for chronic conditions
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risk
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the probability that an event will occur
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risk factor
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an exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, mortality, or other health outcome
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risk assessment
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methodology in which epidemiologic studies provide quantitative measurements of risks to health
