Eological/Habitat isolation – Flashcards
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Temporal isolation
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Animals that breed at different times of the year will not produce offspring
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Example of temporal isolation
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Western and eastern spotted skunk. Eastern mates in summer
Western mates in winter
Australian fruit flies
D. Tyrone copulates at sundown
D. Neohumeralis copulayes from mid morning to mid afternoon
Western mates in winter
Australian fruit flies
D. Tyrone copulates at sundown
D. Neohumeralis copulayes from mid morning to mid afternoon
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Mechanical isolation
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Male and female anatomy must be compatible for successful mating to occur.
Not always. External fertilization
Insects. Lock and key sturcture
Not always. External fertilization
Insects. Lock and key sturcture
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Mechanical isolation
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Male and female anatomy must be compatible for successful mating to occur.
Not always. External fertilization
Insects. Lock and key sturcture
Not always. External fertilization
Insects. Lock and key sturcture
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Ex of mechanical isolation
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Olithreutes olivaceana
Olithreutes concinnana
Olithreutes concinnana
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Gametic isolation
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Sperm from one species rarely fertilizes an egg from a different species.
Chemical recognition is important
Immunological barriers exist
Chemical recognition is important
Immunological barriers exist
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Postzygotic RIMs
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Prevent zygote from developing into vkable, fertile adult
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Hybrid inviability or mortality
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Failure of zygote to develop appropriately.
Genetic incompatibility is important cause.
Generally aborts before development is complete.
Sometimes development proceeds, but resulting organism is not healthy
Genetic incompatibility is important cause.
Generally aborts before development is complete.
Sometimes development proceeds, but resulting organism is not healthy
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Hybrid infertility/ reduced viability
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Problems arise in meiosis if chromosomes cannot pair properly.
Parents of hybrid may have different chromosome number or structure.
Hybrid may be poorly adapted to obtain food,escape predators.
Hybrid may not be sexy!
Parents of hybrid may have different chromosome number or structure.
Hybrid may be poorly adapted to obtain food,escape predators.
Hybrid may not be sexy!
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Example of hybrid infertility/ reduced viability
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Mule and liger (male lion female tiger)
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Gene flow
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Species consists of discrete, separate populations.
There is normally of alleles between these populations (gene flow)
There is normally of alleles between these populations (gene flow)
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In the absence of gene flow RIMs can arise. How?
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Mutations
Genetic drift
Selection
Genetic drift
Selection
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Allopatric speciation
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Means "other homeland"
Populations are isolated geographically
Populations are isolated geographically
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What barrier forms in allopatric speciation?
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Geographic.(like a mountain) Separating species into 2 or more isolated groups.
Once isolated RIMs can arise over time. Populations diverge
Once isolated RIMs can arise over time. Populations diverge
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Allopatric speciation
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Lakes in times of drying
Lake Malawi in africa- Chichlids
Lake Bonneville death valley-pupfish
Lake Malawi in africa- Chichlids
Lake Bonneville death valley-pupfish
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Sibling species
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Once one species but have became 2 overtime
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Allopatric speciation on islands
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Many unique species on islands.
Hawaii, south pacific, Madagascar.
Hawaii, south pacific, Madagascar.
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Endemic speices
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Occur nowhere else
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Are island chains active sites for sleciation?
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Yes
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Sympatric speciation
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Occurs without geographic isolation.
Reproductive barriers arise within the range of one species/population
Less common than allopatric. More examples from plants due to autopolyploid:chromosome number doubles instantly
Reproductive barriers arise within the range of one species/population
Less common than allopatric. More examples from plants due to autopolyploid:chromosome number doubles instantly
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Rhagoletis pomonella-apple maggot fly
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Native host is Hawthorne tree. Life cycle:
1 larvae develop on fruit
2 adults mate, deposit eggs on host plant.
1860s discovered on apples. Different fruiting time. Temporal isolation.
1960s discovered on cherries. Different fruiting time. Temporal isolation
1 larvae develop on fruit
2 adults mate, deposit eggs on host plant.
1860s discovered on apples. Different fruiting time. Temporal isolation.
1960s discovered on cherries. Different fruiting time. Temporal isolation
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Orcas and sympatric speciation?
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...
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Parapatric speciation
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Speciation that occurs among populations distributed along a cline.
Selection varies. Different alleles are favored at different points
Horizontal gene flow is reduced.
Reduction in gene flow may be enough to allow speciation
A hybrid zone may be present. Orioles
Selection varies. Different alleles are favored at different points
Horizontal gene flow is reduced.
Reduction in gene flow may be enough to allow speciation
A hybrid zone may be present. Orioles
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Cline
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Environmental gradient. Gene flow occurs across gradient.
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How rapid is speciation?
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Isthmus of Panama= 3million years +or-
Sycamores in North American and Europe=30 million years. Hybrids are still fertile.
Faroe island house mouse-250 years.
Drosophilia paulistorum- few years in lab
Sycamores in North American and Europe=30 million years. Hybrids are still fertile.
Faroe island house mouse-250 years.
Drosophilia paulistorum- few years in lab
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Gradualism
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Evolution proceeds as an accumulation of small changes over very long period of time
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Punctuated equilibrium
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1972. S.j. Gould and N. Eldredge.
Important evolutionary changes occur over relatively "short" periods of time when populations begin to diverge. Long periods of stasis
Important evolutionary changes occur over relatively "short" periods of time when populations begin to diverge. Long periods of stasis
