Enlightenment & French Revolution Study Guide – Flashcards
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Enlightenment
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Period when people tried to explain humanity through reason/thinking
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Montesquieu
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Separation of powers
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Voltaire
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Believed in religious freedom
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Rousseau
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This French Philosophe developed the ideas of the "general will" and advocated Democracy
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Baron d' Holbach
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First person to argue for atheism
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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Enlightenment philospher who believed in womans rights
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Adam Smith
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Suggested "Invisible Hand"
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Invisible Hand
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Describes supply and demand in an economy
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Maria Theresa
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Absolutist leader of austria
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Seven Years' War
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England gained control of canada and india
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Enlightened Absolutism
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Idea that only an absolutist monarch believes in england and canada
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Joseph II of Austria
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Protect Rights- reforms undone after death
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Frederick William the Great
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Mostly enlightened- Loved Welfare to much
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Catherine the Great
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Fear of nobles kept her truly enlightened
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Hanoverian dynasty
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English Kings, Georges, Came from Germany
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Estates General
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Parliament/congress of france
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Declaration of Man and Citizen
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French bill of rights- gives rights of french during french revolution
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Reign Of Terror
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Violent period of french revolution
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Robespierre
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Head of commitee of public safety
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Napoleon
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Conquered most of uerope before his exile in 1815
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Napoleonic Code
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Granted europeans basic enlightenment rights for the first time
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Coup d' etat
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a military takeover of the government
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What was an Enlightenment Salon?
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Entertain guests by talking about philosophy
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IDEAS- Montesquieu
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Problem: As governments get bigger, they get more ruthless. Solution: Checks and Balances
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IDEAS- Voltaire
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P: What if you belong to an unpopular religion? S: Religious Toleration
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IDEAS- Rousseau
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P: people controlled themselves, they were happy S: "General Will" They will vote for what's best for them
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IDEAS- Baron d' Holbach
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First atheist
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IDEAS- Mary Wollstonecraft
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P: women have a lower place in society S: equality for women
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IDEAS- Adam Smith
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Amount of labor put into something, countries rich because of labor.
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What was the Pragmatic Sanction, how did it lead to the seven years' war?
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A deal agreement: Austria- Maria Theresa despute of territory/fighting overland.
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What were the results of the seven years' war?
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England controls india/ England gains control of Canada
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Describe an "Enlightened absolutist" Monarch.
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People rule countries by both things: Protect rights by absoultist power
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RULE- Joseph the II of Austria
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All reforms that he's supposed to do. all of the enlightened things/ almost everybody hated him
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RULE- Frederick William II
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He loves violent walfare/ prussian enlightened absolute monarch
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RULE- Catherine the great of russia
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She would be enlightened but she's scared of the nobles
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Who were the Hanoverians? Why did they play a limited role in English affairs?
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German Kings of england They didn't speak english
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What problem led to the need to call the Estates General?
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Bank Ruptcy- High bread prices
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Clergy
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Church people; population- 1 to 3%; 10% of wealth
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Nobles
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Pay no taxes; Population- 2 to 5%; 30% of wealth
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Pheasants
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Population- 97%; 60% of wealth
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What was the argument that led to division within the estates general?
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Do we vote by state or do we vote by arguement?
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How did the states general respond when the king locked them out of their chambers?
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swear tennis court oath; national assembly
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What is Bastille? Why did the peasants storm it?
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Old prision/political enemies of the king. They wanted gun powder
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What caused the great fear? What did the Peasants do in response the the great fear?
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Rumor is stronger than anything else at times/ foreign invasion form malitia
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From documents/eras/events/people did the ideas for the declaration of man and citizen come?
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Declaration of independence USA constitution Enlightenment ideals
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What were the women in the women's march seeking? What was the result of the march?
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They wan't food- royal family moves to paris
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What was the declaration of pillnitz? How did france respond?
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Europian countries declared they will support the king of france/declared war
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Why did they kill the king?
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Other countries told them not to but they got scared
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Why was the committe of public safety formed?
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Thought spies were in the country
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Describe the reign of terror?
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Executing people left and right
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Who was Marat? What role did he play in the reign of terror?
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He got a disease from living in the sewer, had to sit in a bath for hours on end everyday, Newspaper, came up with reign of terror
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What errors by robespierre led to his downfall?
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Outlaws religion Sets himself up like he's a god Says he has a list but did nothing with it
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Describe the government of directory
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Corrupt/terrible
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How did napoleon seize control of the government?
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He overthrew the government. His army took over
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How was Napoleon's relationship with the Catholic Church?
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He gets to hire all priests-has some control, church can fire
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How did the rule of Napoleon and his civil code change life in Western Europe?
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for most people its the very first time they had rights and they liked it.
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Why did Napoleon lose power?
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Forbiding trade with england
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What happend in "100 days?"
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Napoleon came back and tried to rule agian
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With what kind of government did france end up?
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Munarchy agian
