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ABUSE (1) immoderate or improper use; (2) to do physical, sexual, or psychological harm to someone

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إساءة

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ACCESSORY A person who aids or contributes in the commission of a crime.

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متدخل

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ACCOMPLICE One who knowingly, voluntarily, and intentionally unites with the principal offender in the commission of a crime. A partner in a crime.

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شريك

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ACCUSATION A formal charge against a person, to the effect that he has engaged in a punishable offense.

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تهمة

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ACCUSED The generic name for the defendant in a criminal case.

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متهم

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ACQUIT To legally certify the innocence of one charged with a crime. To set free, release or discharge from an obligation, burden or accusation. To find a defendant not guilty in a criminal trial.

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يبرىء

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ACQUITTAL In criminal law, a finding of not guilty. In contract law, a release, absolution, or discharge from an obligation, liability, or engagement.

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إبراء/ براءة

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ADJUDICATE To determine finally.

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يحكم

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ADJUDICATION Giving or pronouncing a judgment or decree. Also the judgment given.

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حكم

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ADMINISTRATOR 1. One who administers the estate of a person who dies without a will. 2. A court official.

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مدير تركة/ موضف قضائي

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ADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE Evidence that can be legally and properly introduced in a civil or criminal trial.

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دليل مقبول

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ADMISSION Voluntary acknowledgment of the existence of certain facts relevant to the adversary's case.

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قبول / إعتراف

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AFFIDAVIT A written statement of facts confirmed by the oath of the party making it, before a notary or officer having authority to administer oaths. For example, in criminal cases, affidavits are often used by police officers seeking to convince courts to grant a warrant to make an arrest or a search. In civil cases, affidavits of witnesses are often used to support motions for summary judgment.

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إقرار مشفوعة باليمين

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AGENT One who has authority to act for another.

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وكيل

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AGREEMENT A mutual understanding and intention between two or more parties. The writing or instrument which is evidence of an agreement. (Although often used as synonymous with contract, agreement is a broader term.)

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إتفاقية

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AID AND ABET Help, assist, or facilitate the commission of a crime.

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يعين و يمهد

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ALIBI A defense claim that the accused was somewhere else at the time a crime was committed.

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إثبات التغيب عن المكان

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ALLEGATION The assertion of a party to an action, setting out what he expects to prove.

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زعم

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ALLEGE To state, recite, assert, claim, maintain, charge or set forth. To make an allegation.

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يزعم

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ALLEGED Asserted to be true as depicted or a person who is accused but has not yet been tried in court.

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المزعوم

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AMICUS CURIAE (A-MI'KUS KU'RIE) A friend of the court. One not a party to a case who volunteers to offer information on a point of law or some other aspect of the case to assist the court in deciding a matter before it.

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صديق المحكمة

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APPEAL A request made after a trial, asking another court (usually the court of appeals) to decide whether the trial was conducted properly. To make such a request is "to appeal" or "to take an appeal."

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إستإناف

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APPELLATE COURT A court having jurisdiction to hear appeals and review a trial court's procedure.

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محكمة الإستإناف

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ARBITRATION The referral of a dispute to an impartial third person chosen by the parties to the dispute who agree in advance to abide by the arbitrator's award issued after a hearing at which both parties have an opportunity to be heard.

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تحكيم

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ARGUMENT Remarks addressed by attorney to judge or jury on the merits of case or on points of law.

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مرافعة

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ARRAIGNMENT A proceeding in which the accused is brought before the court to plead to the criminal charge in the indictment or information. The charge is read to him or her and he or she is asked to plead guilty or not guilty or, where permitted, nolo contendere (no contest). Another term for preliminary hearing.

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تلاوة نص الإتهام

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ARREST To deprive a person of his liberty by legal authority.

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القبض على/ الإيقاف

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ASSAULT Any willful attempt or threat to inflict injury upon the person of another, when coupled with the present ability to do so, and any intentional display of force such as would give victim reason to fear or expect immediate bodily harm.

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إعتداء / تهجم

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ASSAULT WITH A DEADLY WEAPON An aggravated unlawful assault in which there is threat to do bodily harm without justification or excuse by use of any instrument calculated to do serious bodily harm or cause death.

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إعتداء مع إستعمال سلاح قاتل

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ASSAULT, AGGRAVATED An assault committed with the intention of committing some additional crime.

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إعتداء متشدد

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ATTEMPT An endeavor or effort to do an act or accomplish a crime, carries beyond preparation, but lacking execution.

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محاولة

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ATTEST To bear witness to, to affirm to be true or genuine, to certify.

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يشهد

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ATTORNEY-AT-LAW An advocate, counsel, or official agent employed in preparing, managing, and trying cases in the courts.

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محامي / وكيل قانوني

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AUTHENTICATE To give authority or legal authenticity to a statute, record, or other written instrument.

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يوثق

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BAIL Money or other security (such as a bail bond) provided to the court to temporarily allow a person's release from jail and assure his or her appearance in court. Bail and Bond are often used interchangeably.

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كفالة/ ضمان

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BANKRUPTCY Refers to statutes and judicial proceedings involving persons or businesses that cannot pay their debts and seek the assistance of the court in getting a fresh start. Under the protection of the bankruptcy court, debtors may be released from or _discharged_ from their debts, perhaps by paying a portion of each debt. Bankruptcy judges preside over these proceedings. The person with the debts is called the debtor and the people or companies to whom the debtor owes money to are called creditors.

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الإفلاس

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BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT The standard in a criminal case requiring that the jury be satisfied to a moral certainty that every element of a crime has been proven by the prosecution. This standard of proof does not require that the state establish absolute certainty by eliminating all doubt, but it does require that the evidence be so conclusive that all reasonable doubts are removed from the mind of the ordinary person.

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لا محل فيه لشك معقول

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BIAS Inclination, bent, a pre-conceived opinion or a predisposition to decide a cause or an issue a certain way.

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إنحياز

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BONA FIDE Sincere, real without fraud or decit. Comes from the Latin "in good faith."

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حسن نية

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BOND A certificate or evidence of a debt. Often used interchangeably with bail.

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سند دين

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BRANDISHING A WEAPON The act of showing a weapon to another person, typically the police or the victim.

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تلويح مُهدد بالسلاح

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BREACH The breaking or violating of a law, right, obligation, or duty either by doing an act or failing to do an act.

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خرق

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BREAKING AND ENTERING Breaking and entering a dwelling of another in nighttime with intent to commit a felony therein.

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كسر و دخول

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BRIBE A gift, not necessarily of monetary value, given to influence the conduct of the receiver.

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رشوة

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BURDEN OF PROOF The obligation of a party to establish by evidence a requisite degree of belief concerning a fact in the mind of the trier of fact or the court.

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عبئ الإثبات

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BURGLARY The act of entering or remaining illegally in a movable or immovable structure, vehicle or dwelling with intent to commit a felony.

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السطو بهدف السرقة

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CAPITAL PUNISHMENT Punishment by death for capital crimes. Death penalty.

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العقوبة القصوى

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CASE A general term for an action, cause, suit, or controversy brought before the court for resolution.

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قضية

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CASE LAW Law established by previous decisions of appellate courts, particularly the Supreme Court.

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قانون الدعوى/ قانون السوابق

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CAVEAT A warning a note of caution.

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تنبيه

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CEASE AND DESIST ORDER An order of an administrative agency or court prohibiting a person or business from continuing a particular course of conduct.

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الكف و الإمتناع

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CERTIFICATION 1. Written attestation. 2. Authorized declaration verifying that an instrument is a true and correct copy of the original.

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إشهاد/ تصديق

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CERTIFIED Attested as being true or an exact reproduction.

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صورة مُصدعة

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CHAIN OF CUSTODY An accounting for the whereabouts of the tangible evidence from the moment it is received in custody until it is offered in evidence in court.

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تسلسل حجز الأدلة

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CHALLENGE An objection, such as when an attorney objects at a hearing to the seating of a particular person on a civil or criminal jury.

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طعن

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CHARGE A formal allegation, as a preliminary step in prosecution, that a person has committed a specific offense, which is recorded in a complaint, information or indictment. To charge To accuse. See INSTRUCTIONS.

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تهمة

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CHARGING DOCUMENT A written accusation alleging a defendant has committed an offense. Includes a citation, an indictment, information, and statement of charges.

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وثيقة الإتهام

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CHILD ABUSE Any form of cruelty to a child's physical, moral, or mental well-being.

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الإساءة للأطفال

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CHILD MOLESTATION Any form of indecent or sexual activity on, involving, or surrounding a child under the state's designated age.

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التحرش بالأطفال

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CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE All evidence except eyewitness testimony. One example is physical evidence, such as fingerprints, from which an inference can be drawn.

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بينة ضرفية

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CIVIL ACTION Noncriminal case in which one private individual or business sues another to protect, enforce, or redress private or civil rights.

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إجراء مدني

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CIVIL CASE A lawsuit brought to enforce, redress, or protect private rights or to gain payment for a wrong done to a person or party by another person or party. In general, all types of actions other than criminal proceedings.

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قضية مدنية

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CIVIL PROCEDURE The rules and process by which a civil case is tried and appealed, including the preparations for trial, the rules of evidence and trial conduct, and the procedure for pursuing appeals.

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إجراءات مدنية

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CLAIM The assertion of a right to money or property.

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إدّعاء

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CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE Standard of proof commonly used in civil lawsuits and in regulatory agency cases. It governs the amount of proof that must be offered in order for the plaintiff to win the case.

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بينة واضحة و مقنعة

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CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE Body of federal or state law dealing with procedural aspects of trial for criminal cases.

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مدونة الإجراءات الجزائية

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CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS The CFR is the annual listing of executive agency regulations published in the daily Federal Register, and the regulations issued previously which are still in effect. The CFR contains regulatory laws governing practice and procedure before federal administrative agencies.

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مدونة القرارت الفيدارالية

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COMMISSIONER A person who directs a commission a member of a commission. The officer in charge of a department or bureau of a public service.

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مفوض

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COMMON LAW The legal system that originated in England and is now in use in the United States. It is based on judicial decisions rather than legislative action.

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قانون عرفي

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COMPLAINANT The party who complains or sues one who applies to the court for legal redress. Also called the plaintiff.

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المشتكي

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COMPLAINT The legal document that usually begins a civil lawsuit. It states the facts and identifies the action the court is asked to take. 2. Formal written charge that a person has committed a criminal offense.

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شكوى

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COMPLY To act in accordance with, to accept, to obey.

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يمتثل، يخضع، يعمل بموجب

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CONFESSION Voluntary statement made by one who is a defendant in a criminal trial, which, if true, discloses his or her guilt.

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إعتراف

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CONFISCATE To seize or take private property for public use (the police confiscated the weapon).

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يصادر

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CONSPIRACY An agreement by two or more persons to commit an unlawful act in criminal law, conspiracy is a separate offense from the crime that is the object of the conspiracy.

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مؤامرة

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CONTRACT A legally enforceable agreement between two or more competent parties made either orally or in writing.

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عقد

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CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE Any of the drugs whose production and use are regulated by law, including narcotics, stimulants, and hallucinogens.

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مواد محضورة

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CONVICT 1. A person who has been found guilty of a crime and is serving a sentence for that crime a prison inmate. 2. To find a person guilty of an offense by either a trial or a plea of guilty.

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مدان

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CONVICTION A judgment of guilty following a verdict or finding of guilty, a plea of guilty, or a plea of nolo contendere.

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إدانة

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CORONER Public official charged with duty to make inquiry into the causes and circumstances of any death which occurs through violence or suddenly, with marks of suspicion.

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محقق في أسباب الوفيات

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CORROBORATE To support with evidence or authority make more certain.

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يؤيد

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CORROBORATION Confirmation or support of a witness' statement or other fact.

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مساندة

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COUNT Each of the allegations of an offense listed in a charging document.

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فقرة إتهامية

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COUNTERFEIT To forge, to copy or imitate, without authority or right, and with the purpose to deceive or defraud, by passing off the copy as genuine.

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تزوير

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COURT 1. A unit of the judiciary authorized to decide disputed matters of fact, cases or controversies. 2. Figuratively, the judge or judicial officer. Judges sometimes use "court" to refer to themselves in the third person, as in "the court has read the briefs."

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محكمة

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COURT ADMINISTRATOR/CLERK OF COURT An officer appointed by the Court or elected to oversee the administrative, non-judicial activities of the court.

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مدير شؤون المحكمة/ كاتب المحكمة

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COURT APPOINTED COUNSEL A defense attorney designated by the court to represent a defendant who does not have the funds to retain an attorney.

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محامي معين من المحكمة

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COURT ORDER A written direction or command delivered by a court or judge.

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أمر محكمة

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COURT, DISTRICT 1. Federal A trial court with general Federal jurisdiction. 2. State Meaning varies from state to state.

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محكمة المقاطعة

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COURTROOM The section of a courthouse in which the judge presides over the proceedings.

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قاعة المحكمة

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CRIME 1. An act of omission or commission in violation of law which carries criminal consequences. 2. Criminal activity in general relating to a specific time or place.

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جريمة

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CRIMINAL 1. One who has been convicted of a criminal offense. 2. That which is connected with the law of crimes That which has the character of a crime (criminal justice criminal intent).

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مجرم/ جنائية

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CRIMINAL CASE A case brought by the government against a person accused of committing a crime.

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قضية جنائية

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CRIMINAL RECORD 1. Arrest record. A written account listing all the instances in which a person has been arrested. 2. A form completed by a police officer when a person is arrested.

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سجل جنائي

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CUSTODY 1. The care and control of a thing or person for inspection, preservation, or security. 2. The care, control, and maintenance of a child awarded by a court to one of the parents in a divorce or separation proceeding. 3. The detention of a person by virtue of lawful process or authority.

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حجز/ حضانة

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DAMAGES Money awarded by a court to a person injured by the unlawful act or negligence of another person.

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تعويضات

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DEATH PENALTY State-imposed death as punishment for a serious crime. Capital punishment.

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حكم الإعدام

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DEFAMATION That which tends to injure a person's reputation. Libel is published defamation, whereas slander is spoken.

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تشهير/ ثلب

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DEFENDANT 1. In a criminal case, the person accused of the crime. 2. In a civil case, the person being sued.

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المدعي عليه/ المدعو

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DEFENSE 1. Defendant's statement of a reason why the plaintiff or prosecutor has no valid case against defendant, especially a defendant's answer, denial, or plea. 2. Defendant's method and strategy in opposing the plaintiff or the prosecution. 3. One or more defendants in a trial.

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دفاع

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DEPORTATION The act of removing a person to another country. Order issued by an immigration judge, expelling an alien from the United States. A deportation has certain consequences regarding the number of years within which a deportee may not legally immigrate. There are also criminal consequences for reentry within a prescribed time period.

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طرد

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DEPOSITION A pretrial discovery device by which one party questions the other party or a witness for the other party. It usually takes place in the office of one of the lawyers, in the presence of a court reporter, who transcribes what is said. Questions are asked and answered orally as if in court, with opportunity given to the adversary to cross-examine. Occasionally, the questions are submitted in writing and answered orally.

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إفادة

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DEPRIVATION OF CUSTODY The court transfer of legal custody of a person from parents or legal guardian to another person, agency, or institution. It may be temporary or permanent.

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حرمان من الحضانة

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DETENTION The act or fact of holding a person in custody confinement or compulsory delay.

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حجز

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DISCOVERY The procedure by which one or both parties disclose evidence which will be used at trial. The specific tools of discovery include depositions, interrogatories and motions for the production of documents.

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إستطلاع

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DISMISS To terminate legal action involving outstanding charges against a defendant in a criminal case.

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يرد الدعوى / عدم سماع الدعوى

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DISTRICT ATTORNEY A lawyer appointed or elected to represent the state in criminal cases in his or her respective judicial districts. See PROSECUTOR.

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النائب العام

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DIVORCE Legal dissolution of a marriage by a court. Also termed dissolution of marriage.

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طلاق

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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE An assault committed by one member of a household against another.

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العنف المنزلي

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DOUBLE JEOPARDY The constitutional prohibition under the Fifth Amendment against a person being put on trial more than once for the same offense.

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خطر مزدوج

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DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED (DWI) The unlawful operation of a motor vehicle while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. In some jurisdictions it is synonymous with DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE (DUI), but in others, driving while intoxicated is a more serious offense than driving under the influence.

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قيادة سيارة في حالة تسمم كحولي

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DRUNK DRIVING The operation of a vehicle in an impaired state after consuming alcohol that when tested is above the state's legal alcohol limit.

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قيادة في حالة سكر

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DUE PROCESS OF LAW The right of all persons to receive the guarantees and safeguards of the law and the judicial process. It includes such constitutional requirements as adequate notice, assistance of counsel, the right to remain silent, the right to a speedy and public trial, the right to an impartial jury, and the right to confront and secure witnesses.

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الإجراءات القانونية المستحقة

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EMBEZZLE To willfully take or convert to one's own use, another's money or property, which the wrongdoer initially acquired lawfully, because of some office, employment, or some position of trust.

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يختلس

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ENTRAPMENT A defense to criminal charges alleging that agents of the government induced a person to commit a crime he or she otherwise would not have committed.

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مكيدة

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EQUAL PROTECTION The guarantee in the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that all persons be treated equally by the law.

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حماية متساوية

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EVIDENCE Information presented in testimony or in documents that is used to persuade the fact finder (judge or jury) to decide the case for one side or the other.

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بينة

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EXHIBIT A document or other item introduced as evidence during a trial or hearing.

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مستند/ بينة

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EXONERATE Removal of a charge, responsibility or duty.

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يحل/ يعتق

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EXTORTION The act of obtaining the property of another person through wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear.

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إنتزاع/ إغتصاب

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EXTRADITION The process by which one state or country surrenders to another state, a person accused or convicted of a crime in the other state.

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تسليم المتهمين

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FAILURE TO APPEAR The act of not appearing in court after being presented with a subpoena or summons.

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تغيب عن المحكمة

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FELONY A crime of a more serious nature than a misdemeanor, usually punishable by imprisonment in a penitentiary for more than a year and/or substantial fines.

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جناية

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FIND GUILTY For the judge or jury to determine and declare the guilt of the defendant.

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وصل إلى إقرار إدانة

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FINE To sentence a person convicted of an offense to pay a penalty in money.

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غرامة

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FORFEIT To lose, or lose the right to.

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يخسر

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FORFEITURE The loss of money or property resulting from failure to meet a legal obligation or from the illegal nature or use of the money or property.

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خسارة

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FORGERY The act of claiming one's own writing to be that of another.

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تزوير

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FRAUD Intentional, unlawful deception to deprive another person of property or to injure that person in some other way.

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تحايل

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GOOD FAITH An honest belief, the absence of malice, and the absence of design to defraud.

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حسن نية

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GRAND JURY Jury of inquiry. The jury which determines which charges, if any, are to be brought against a defendant.

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هيئة المحلفين الكبرى

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GUILTY Responsible for a delinquency, crime, or other offense not innocent.

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مذنب

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HARASSMENT Words, gestures, and actions which tend to annoy, alarm, and verbally abuse another person.

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المضايقة المستمرة

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HOMICIDE The unlawful killing of one human being by another.

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قتل

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ILLEGAL Against, or not authorized by law/ unlawful.

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مخالف للقانون

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IMMUNITY Grant by the court which assures someone will not face prosecution in return for providing evidence in a criminal proceeding.

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حصانة

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IN REM A procedural term used to designate proceedings or actions instituted against the thing in contrast to actions instituted in personam or against the person.

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دعوى عينيية

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INADMISSIBLE That which, under the rules of evidence, cannot be admitted as evidence in a trial or hearing.

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غير مقبول

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INCARCERATE To confine in jail.

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يسجن

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INCRIMINATE To make it appear that one is guilty of a crime.

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يجرم/ يعرض لتهمة الجرم

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INDICT

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تسند إليه جريمة بفحوى لائحة إتهام

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INDICTMENT A formal written accusation, issued by a grand jury, charging a party with a crime.

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لإحة الإتهام

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INFORMANT An undisclosed person who confidentially discloses material information of a crime to the police, which is usually done in exchange for a reward or special treatment.

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مُخبر

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INTENT The purpose to use a particular means to bring about a certain result.

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النية

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INVESTIGATION A legal inquiry to discover and collect facts concerning a certain matter.

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تحقيق/ تحرّ

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JAIL A place of confinement that is more than a police station and less than a prison. It is usually used to hold persons convicted of misdemeanors or persons awaiting trial.

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حبس

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JUDGE An elected or appointed public official with authority to hear and decide cases in a court of law.

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قاضي

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JUDGMENT (JUDGMENT) The final decision of the court, resolving the dispute an opinion an award.

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الحُكم

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JURISDICTION 1. The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. 2. The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases.

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الولاية القضائية، منطقة التحكم

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KIDNAPPING The taking or detaining of a person against his or her will and without lawful authority.

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إختطاف

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KNOWINGLY With knowledge, willfully or intentionally with respect to a material element of an offense.

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بمعرفة

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LARCENY Stealing or theft.

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سرقة

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LAW The combination of those rules and principles of conduct promulgated by legislative authority, derived from court decisions, and established by local custom.

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القانون

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LAWSUIT An action between two or more persons in the courts of law, not a criminal matter.

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دعوى قضائية

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LITIGATION A lawsuit.

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مقاضة

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MAGISTRATE Judicial officer exercising some of the functions of a judge. It also refers in a general way to a judge.

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موضف قضائي

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MANSLAUGHTER, INVOLUNTARY Unlawful killing of another, without malice, when the death is caused by some other unlawful act not usually expected to result in great bodily harm.

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قتل غير متعمد

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MENS REA The _guilty mind_ necessary to establish criminal responsibility.

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فكر إجرامي

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MIRANDA RIGHTS Requirement that police tell a suspect in their custody of his or her constitutional rights before they question him or her: specifically, the right to remain silent that any statement made may be used against him or her the right to an attorney and if the person cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed if he or she desires.

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مجموعة الحقوق ميراندا

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MISDEMEANOR A lesser offense than a felony and generally punishable by fine or limited jail time, but not in a penitentiary.

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جنحة

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MURDER The unlawful killing of a human being with deliberate intent to kill.

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القتل العمد

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NEGLIGENCE Failure to exercise the degree of care that a reasonable person would use under the same circumstances.

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إهمال

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NOT GUILTY The form of verdict in criminal cases where the jury acquits the defendant, finds him or her not guilty.

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غير مذنب

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OATH Written or oral pledge by a witness to speak the truth.

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القسم

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PARALEGAL A person with legal skills, but who is not an attorney, and who works under the supervision of a lawyer or who is otherwise authorized by law to use those legal skills.

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شبه قانوني

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PLAINTIFF A person who initiates a lawsuit against another. Also called the complainant.

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المدعي

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PLEA In a criminal proceeding, it is the defendant's declaration in open court that he or she is guilty or not guilty. The defendant's answer to the charges made in the indictment or information.

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رد المتهم

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PLEA BARGAIN The process whereby the accused and the prosecutor in a criminal case work out a mutually satisfactory disposition of the case subject to court approval. Usually involves the defendant's pleading guilty to a lesser offense or to only one.

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مساومة على رد المتهم

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PRISON A federal or state public building or other place for the confinement of persons. It is used as either a punishment imposed by the law or otherwise in the course of the administration of justice. Also known as penitentiary, penal institution, adult correctional institution, or jail.

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سجن

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PROBABLE CAUSE A reasonable belief that a crime has or is being committed the basis for all lawful searches, seizures, and arrests.

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سبب معقول

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PROOF Any fact or evidence that leads to a judgment of the court.

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برهان، إثبات

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PROSECUTION A proceeding instituted and carried on in order to determine the guilt or innocence of the accused.

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الإدعاء العام

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PROSECUTOR A trial lawyer representing the government in a criminal case and the interests of the state in civil matters. In criminal cases, the prosecutor has the responsibility of deciding who and when to prosecute.

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المدعي العام

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RAPE Unlawful intercourse with an individual without their consent.

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إغتصاب

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SEALING The closure of court records to inspection, except to the parties.

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ختم السجلات

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SEARCH AND SEIZURE A practice whereby a person or place is searched and evidence useful in the investigation and prosecution of a crime is seized or taken. The search is conducted after an order is issued by a judge.

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التفتيش و الحجز

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SEARCH WARRANT An order issued by a judge or magistrate commanding a sheriff, constable, or other officer to search a specified location.

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مذكرة تفتيش

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SENTENCE The judgment formally pronounced by the court or judge upon the defendant after his or her conviction by imposing a punishment to be inflicted either in the form of a fine, incarceration or probation.

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حكم العقوبة

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SERVICE OF PROCESS Notifying a person that he or she has been named as a party to a lawsuit or has been accused of some offense. Process consists of a summons, citation or warrant, to which a copy of the complaint is attached.

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تبليغ الإجراء

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SPEEDY TRIAL The right of an accused to a speedy trial as guaranteed by the 6th Amendment of the United States Constitution.

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محاكمة سريعة

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STANDARD OF PROOF There are essentially three standards of proof applicable in most court proceedings. In criminal cases, the offense must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt, the highest standard. In civil cases and neglect and dependency proceedings, the lowest standard applies by a mere preponderance of the evidence, (more likely than not). In some civil cases, and in juvenile proceedings such as a permanent termination of parental rights, an intermediate standard applies, proof by clear and convincing evidence.

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شروط الإثبات

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STATUTE A formal, written statement by legislature declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something.

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تشريع

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STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS The time within a plaintiff must begin a lawsuit (in civil cases) or a prosecutor must bring charges (in criminal cases). There are different statutes of limitations at both the federal and state levels for different kinds of lawsuits or crimes.

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تشريع التقادم المسقط

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SUBPOENA An order of the court which requires a person to be present at a certain time and place to give testimony upon a certain matter. Failure to appear may be punishable as a contempt of court.

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مذكرة إحضار

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SUE To commence legal proceedings for recovery of a right.

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يقاضي

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SUIT Any proceeding by one person or persons against another in a court of law.

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مقاضاة

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SUMMONS A notice to a defendant that he or she has been sued or charged with a crime and is required to appear in court. A jury summons requires the person receiving it to report for possible jury duty.

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إستدعاء رسمي للمثول أمام القضاء

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TESTIFY To make a declaration under oath in a judicial inquiry for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact.

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يشهد

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THEFT The act of stealing or the taking of property without the owner's consent.

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سرقة

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TRIAL A judicial examination and determination of issues between parties before a court that has jurisdiction.

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محاكمة

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UNDERCOVER A person participating in a secret investigation in order to acquire information about the crime without the other party realizing their identity.

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سرّي

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VERDICT The opinion of a jury, or a judge where there is no jury, on the factual issues of a case.

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القرار النهائي لهيئة المحلفين

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VICTIM A person who is the object of a crime or civil wrongdoing.

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ضحية

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WARRANT Most commonly, a court order authorizing law enforcement officers to make an arrest or conduct a search. An affidavit seeking a warrant must establish probable cause by detailing the facts upon which the request is based.

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مذكرة تفويض قضائي

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WARRANT, ARREST An order of a court directing the sheriff or other officer to seize a particular person to answer a complaint of otherwise appear before the court.

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مذكرة توقيف

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WARRANT, SEARCH A written order directing a law-enforcement officer to conduct a search of a specified place and to seize any evidence directly related to the criminal offense.

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مذكرة تفتيش

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WEAPON, DEADLY A weapon, device, instrument, material or substance, whether animate or inanimate, which if used as it is used or intended to be used is known to be capable of producing death or serious bodily injury.

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سلاح قاتل

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WITNESS 1. One who testifies to what they have seen, heard or otherwise observed. 2. (v) To subscribe one's name to a document for the purpose of authenticity.

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شاهد

English-Arabic Legal Vocabulary – Flashcards

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