question

On which of the following patients would it be MOST appropriate to use the flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device?

answer

a 21-year-old male with traumatic cardiac arrest

question

After ___________ minutes without oxygen, brain damage is very likely.

answer

6 to 10

question

Based on current guidelines, in which of the following situations should supplemental oxygen be administered? a) Exposure to carbon monoxide and an oxygen saturation of 95% b) Any elderly patient whose oxygen saturation is less than 95% c) Signs of myocardial infarction and an oxygen saturation of 97% d) Any diabetic patient whose oxygen saturation is less than 98%

answer

a) Exposure to carbon monoxide and an oxygen saturation of 95%

question

Your protocols state that during the first few minutes of working on a cardiac arrest patient, you should provide passive ventilation. This means that you will:

answer

allow recoil of the chest between compressions to draw air into the lungs

question

How does CPAP improve oxygenation and ventilation in patients with certain respiratory problems?

answer

It forces the alveoli open and pushes more oxygen across the alveolar membrane.

question

You come upon an unresponsive patient who is not injured and is breathing on her own with a normal rate and an adequate tidal volume. What would be the advantage of placing her in the recovery position?

answer

It helps to maintain a clear airway.

question

You and your partner are caring for a critically injured patient. Your partner is controlling severe bleeding from the patient's lower extremities as you attempt ventilations with a bag-mask device. After repositioning the mask several times, you are unable to effectively ventilate the patient. You should:

answer

begin ventilations using the mouth-to-mask technique

question

Which of the following oxygen flowmeters is NOT affected by gravity and can be used in any position when attached to an oxygen cylinder?

answer

Bourdon-gauge flowmeter

question

During your assessment of a patient with respiratory distress, you hear wheezing when listening to breath sounds. This indicates:

answer

a lower airway obstruction.

question

You are ventilating a patient with a stoma; however, air is escaping from the mouth and nose. To prevent this, you should:

answer

seal the mouth and nose.

question

Complications associated with using a manually triggered ventilation device include a) inadequate ventilation and hypercarbia. b) reduced tidal volume delivery and hypoxia. c) lung tissue injury and gastric distention. d) inadequate oxygenation and tracheal injury.

answer

c) lung tissue injury and gastric distention.

question

Which of the following is a late sign of hypoxia? a) Anxiety b) Restlessness c) Cyanosis d) Tachycardia

answer

c) Cyanosis

question

In which of the following patients would the head tilt-chin lift maneuver be the MOST appropriate method of opening the airway?

answer

a 37-year-old female who is found unconscious in her bed

question

Which of the following is the MOST reliable indicator of adequately performed bag-mask ventilations in an apneic adult with a pulse?

answer

adequate rise of the chest when squeezing the bag

question

The pressure of gas in a full cylinder of oxygen is approximately _______ pounds per square inch (psi).

answer

2,000

question

Which of the following patients is breathing adequately?

answer

a conscious male with respirations of 19 breaths/min and pink skin

question

While eating dinner, your partner suddenly grabs his throat and has a panicked look on his face. He has a weak cough, faint inspiratory stridor, and cyanosis around the lips. You should:

answer

stand behind him and administer abdominal thrusts.

question

The __________ cartilage is a firm ring that forms the inferior part of the larynx.

answer

cricoid

question

In the presence of oxygen, the mitochondria of the cells convert glucose into energy through a process called:

answer

aerobic metabolism.

question

What occurs when a patient is breathing very rapidly and shallowly?

answer

Air moves primarily in the anatomic dead space and does not participate in pulmonary gas exchange.

question

The MOST serious complication associated with using a nasopharyngeal airway in a patient with trauma to the head or face is:

answer

penetrating the cranium.

question

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood of the capillaries is called:

answer

external respiration

question

Which of the following would cause an increase in the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide? a) Excessive ventilation b) Anaerobic metabolism c) Increased cardiac output d) Cardiopulmonary arrest

answer

Anaerobic metabolism

question

Which of the following statements regarding oxygen is correct?

answer

Oxygen supports the combustion process and may cause a fire.

question

An unconscious patient found in a prone position must be placed in a supine position in case he or she:

answer

requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

question

The hypoxic drive—the primary stimulus to breathe for patients with certain chronic respiratory diseases—is influenced by:

answer

low blood oxygen levels.

question

A patient who is suspected of being hypoxic and is breathing adequately should be given supplemental oxygen with a:

answer

nonrebreathing mask

question

Inhalation occurs when the:

answer

diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and cause a decrease in intrathoracic pressure

question

The diaphragm is innervated by the _________ nerve, which allows it to contract.

answer

phrenic

question

The jaw-thrust maneuver is used to open the airway of patients with suspected:

answer

cervical spine injuries.

question

You are ventilating a 40-year-old uninjured man who is apneic but has a pulse. When your partner reassesses his blood pressure, he notes that it has decreased significantly from previous readings. You elevate the patient's legs, but this action has no effect. You should:

answer

reevaluate the rate and volume of your ventilations

question

Which of the following statements regarding positive-pressure ventilation is correct?

answer

With positive-pressure ventilation, more volume is required to have the same effects as normal breathing.

question

You have inserted an oral airway and are ventilating an apneic woman with a bag-mask device. She suddenly begins regurgitating large amounts of vomit. You should:

answer

roll her onto her side and remove the oral airway.

question

What is the minute volume of a patient with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space volume of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min?

answer

5,600 mL

question

Which of the following patients should you place in the recovery position?

answer

a 31-year-old semiconscious male with low blood sugar and adequate breathing

question

Which of the following structures is NOT found in the upper airway?

answer

bronchus

question

The primary waste product of aerobic metabolism is:

answer

carbon dioxide

question

A 51-year-old female presents with a sudden onset of difficulty breathing. She is conscious and alert and able to speak in complete sentences. Her respirations are 22 breaths/min and regular. You should:

answer

administer 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask.

question

Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:

answer

moves into or out of the lungs in a single breath.

question

Intrapulmonary shunting occurs when:

answer

blood coming from the right side of the heart bypasses nonfunctional alveoli and returns to the left side of the heart in an unoxygenated state.

question

A ventilation/perfusion (V/Q ratio) mismatch occurs when:

answer

a disruption in blood flow inhibits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, even though the alveoli are filled with fresh oxygen.

question

The MOST significant complication associated with oropharyngeal suctioning is:

answer

hypoxia due to prolonged suction attempts

question

Gas exchange in the lungs is facilitated by:

answer

adequate amounts of surfactant.

question

The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is _______ mm Hg, while the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is _______ mm Hg.

answer

104, 40

question

Which of the following patients would MOST likely require insertion of an oropharyngeal airway?

answer

a 40-year-old unconscious patient with slow, shallow respirations

question

You and your partner are treating a 66-year-old man who experienced a sudden onset of respiratory distress. He is conscious but is unable to follow simple verbal commands. Further assessment reveals that his breathing is severely labored and his oxygen saturation is 80%. You should:

answer

assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device.

question

At a flow rate of 6 L/min, a nasal cannula can deliver an approximate oxygen concentration of up to:

answer

44%.

question

You are dispatched to a residence where a middle-aged man was found unconscious in his front yard. There are no witnesses who can tell you what happened. You find him in a prone position; his eyes are closed and he is not moving. Your FIRST action should be to:

answer

log roll him as a unit to a supine position.

question

Structures of the lower airway include all of the following, EXCEPT the:

answer

epiglottis

question

To select the proper size oropharyngeal airway, you should measure from the:

answer

corner of the mouth to the earlobe.

question

With a good mask-to-face seal and an oxygen flow rate of 15 L/min, the nonrebreathing mask is capable of delivering up to ______% inspired oxygen.

answer

90

question

A 19-year-old female is found unconscious by her roommate. Your primary assessment reveals that her breathing is inadequate. As you insert an oropharyngeal airway, she begins to gag violently. You should:

answer

remove the airway and be prepared to suction her oropharynx.

question

An oxygen cylinder should be taken out of service and refilled when the pressure inside it is less than:

answer

500 psi.

question

Which of the following organs or tissues can survive the longest without oxygen?

answer

muscle

question

The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the:

answer

alveolar sacs.

question

A 71-year-old male is semiconscious following a sudden, severe headache. There is vomitus on his face and his respirations are slow and shallow. The EMT must immediately:

answer

perform oropharyngeal suctioning.

question

The diaphragm functions as an involuntary muscle when a person:

answer

sleeps.

question

Which of the following statements regarding oxygenation and ventilation is correct?

answer

In mines or confined places, where oxygen levels are low, ventilation may continue despite adequate oxygenation.

question

Which of the following statements regarding normal gas exchange in the lungs is correct?

answer

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar walls and capillaries

question

Without adequate oxygen, the body's cells:

answer

incompletely convert glucose into energy, and lactic acid accumulates in the blood.

question

The main advantage of the Venturi mask is:

answer

the use of its fine adjustment capabilities in the long-term management of physiologically stable patients.

question

An adult at rest should have a respiratory rate that ranges between:

answer

12 and 20 breaths/min.

question

You are ventilating an apneic woman with a bag-mask device. She has dentures, which are tight-fitting. Adequate chest rise is present with each ventilation, and the patient's oxygen saturation reads 96%. When you reassess the patency of her airway, you note that her dentures are now loose, although your ventilations are still producing adequate chest rise. You should:

answer

remove her dentures, resume ventilations, and assess for adequate chest rise.

question

The nasopharyngeal airway is MOST beneficial because it:

answer

can maintain a patent airway in a semiconscious patient with a gag reflex.

question

Which of the following statements regarding the one-person bag-mask device technique is correct?

answer

Adequate tidal volume is often difficult to achieve when one EMT is operating the bag-valve mask.

question

Irregular respirations characterized by an increasing rate and depth of breathing followed by periods of apnea are called:

answer

Cheyne-Stokes respirations.

question

The physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs is called:

answer

ventilation.

question

When testing a mechanical suctioning unit, you should turn on the device, clamp the tubing, and ensure that it generates a vacuum pressure of more than:

answer

300 mm Hg

question

Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla provide feedback to increase the rate and depth of breathing when they sense:

answer

slight elevations in carbon dioxide or a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

question

If ventilation is impaired, carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream will increase. This condition is called:

answer

hypercarbia.

question

CPAP is indicated for patients who:

answer

have pulmonary edema and can follow verbal commands.

question

While providing CPAP to a patient in severe respiratory distress, you note that his heart rate has increased by 20 beats/min. He is conscious, but is no longer following verbal commands. You should:

answer

remove the CPAP device and ventilate him with a bag-valve mask.

question

As the single EMT managing an apneic patient's airway, the preferred initial method of providing ventilations is the:

answer

mouth-to-mask technique with a one-way valve.

question

Proper technique for suctioning the oropharynx of an adult patient includes:

answer

suctioning while withdrawing the catheter from the oropharynx.

question

Which of the following structures is contained within the mediastinum?

answer

esophagus

question

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of airway obstruction?

answer

shallow breathing

question

You are performing mouth-to-mask ventilations with oxygen connected and set at a flow rate of 15 L/min. What percentage of oxygen is your patient receiving?

answer

55%

question

What is the MOST common cause of airway obstruction in an unconscious patient?

answer

the tongue

question

The nasal cannula is MOST appropriately used in the prehospital setting:

answer

when the patient cannot tolerate a nonrebreathing mask

question

All of the following will help minimize the risk of gastric distention when ventilating an apneic patient with a bag-mask device, EXCEPT:

answer

increasing the amount of delivered tidal volume.

question

While assisting with respirations, you note gastric distention. In order to prevent or alleviate the distention, you should: a) ensure that the patient's airway is appropriately positioned. b) ventilate the patient at the appropriate rate. c) ventilate the patient at the appropriate volume. d) All of these answers are correct.

answer

d) All of these answers are correct.

question

Which of the following statements regarding breathing adequacy is correct?

answer

Patients breathing shallowly may require assisted ventilation despite a normal respiratory rate.

question

A 37-year-old male has an apparent foreign body airway obstruction. He is conscious and alert and is coughing forcefully. His skin is pink, warm, and moist. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

answer

encouraging him to cough and transporting.

question

The purpose of the pin-indexing system that has been established for compressed gas cylinders is to:

answer

ensure that the correct regulator is used for the cylinder.

question

Prior to applying a nonrebreathing mask on a patient, you must ensure that the:

answer

reservoir bag is fully inflated.

question

The leaf-shaped structure located superior to the larynx is called the:

answer

epiglottis.

question

A nasopharyngeal airway is inserted:

answer

with the bevel facing the septum if inserted into the right nare

question

Each cell of the body combines nutrients and oxygen and produces energy and waste products through a process called:

answer

metabolism.

question

Which of the following factors will cause a decreased minute volume in an adult?

answer

shallow breathing

question

Which of the following would NOT cause a decrease in tidal volume?

answer

deep respirations

question

How does positive-pressure ventilation affect cardiac output?

answer

It increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases venous return to the heart and causes a decrease in cardiac output.

question

In contrast to inhalation, exhalation:

answer

is a passive process caused by increased intrathoracic pressure.

question

A 23-year-old male experienced severe head trauma after his motorcycle collided with an oncoming truck. He is unconscious, has rapid and shallow breathing, and has copious bloody secretions in his mouth. How should you manage his airway?

answer

Alternate 15 seconds of oral suctioning with 2 minutes of assisted ventilation.

question

You respond to a construction site and find a worker lying supine in the dirt. He has been hit by a heavy construction vehicle and flew more than 15 feet (4.6 m) before landing in his current position. There is discoloration and distention of his abdomen about the right upper quadrant. He is unconscious and his respirations are 10 breaths/min and shallow, with noisy gurgling sounds. What method will you use to keep his airway open?

answer

c) Oropharyngeal airway

EMT-B Chapter 10 – Airway Management – Flashcards

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