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Elkins Act

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The Elkins Act is a 1903 United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.[1] The Elkins Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates. The railroad companies were not permitted to offer rebates. Railroad corporations, their officers and employees were all made liable for discriminatory practices.

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Thomas Nast

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Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

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Hepburn Act

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This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

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Boss Tweed/Tammany Hall

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an American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State.

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Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

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U.S. garantee of independence for newly created Republic of Panama

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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

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(TR) , negotiations with Colombia, six mile strip of land in Panama, $10 million, US could dig canal without British involvement

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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

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between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to canal across Isthmus of Panama; Abrogated by U.S. in 1881

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Roosevelt Corollary

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Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

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Open Door Notes

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messages sent by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.

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Platt Amendment

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Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

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Teller Amendment

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This Amendment was drafter by Henry M. Teller which declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba & pledged the US would leave the island alone.

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Pan American Conference

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Conference called by James Blaine that created an organization of cooperation between the US and Latin American countries

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Bland-Allison Act of 1878

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passed over the veto of President Rutherford B. Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices. The law was replaced in 1890 by the similar Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which in turn was repealed by Congress in 1893.

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

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(BH) 1890 , In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878.

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McKinley Tariff

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1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

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Granger Laws

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Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

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Muller v Oregon

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1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

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Sherman Anti Trust Act

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First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

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Wabash Case

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1886 supreme court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

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Newlands Reclamation Act

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1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states

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Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

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This Act reversed previous Indian policy by guaranteeing religious freedom and tribal self-government and providing economic assistance.

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Memphis Free Speech

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Ida B Wells's newspaper

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Frontier Thesis

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The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American socity more democratic; emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy.

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Chisholm Trail

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The major long drive route north from Texas to Ablilene, Kansas, where cowboys drove herds of cattle to the railroads to be shipped back East for huge profits.

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Great American Desert

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The vast arid territory that included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. Known as this before 1860, they were the lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast.

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Social Gospel Movement

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Movement created by reform-minded Protestant ministers seeking to introduce religious ethics into industrial relations and appealing to churches to meet their social responsibilities.

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Ashcan School

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Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators, they beleived in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail. Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S.

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Yellow Press/Yellow Journalism

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Sensationalist, exaggerated, jingoistic, and sometimes false media reports.

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DeLome Letter

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Considered a cause of the Spanish-American War - letter from the Spanish ambassador criticizing President McKinley which was published in the Hearst newspaper.

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Anti-imperialist League

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objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

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Looking Backward

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Utopian novel by Edward Bellamy about a young Bostonian who fell asleep in 1887 and woke up in 2000 to find a new social order.

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Our Country: Its Possible Future and Current Crisis

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His most well-known and influential work was Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885), intended to promote domestic missionary activity in the American West. Historians suggest it may have encouraged support for imperialistic United States policy among American Protestants. He pleaded as well for more missionary work in the nation's cities, and for reconciliation to end racial conflict. He was one of the first to warn that Protestants (most of whom lived in rural areas or small towns) were ignoring the problems of the cities and the working classes

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The Jungle

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This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

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Pullman Strike

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in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

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Homestead Strike

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It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

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Haymarket Riot

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100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

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Comstock Lode

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Nevada gold and silver mine discovered by Henry Comstock in 1859

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Ghost Dance Movement

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a Native American movement that called for a return to traditional ways of life and challenged white dominance in society

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Yellow Dog Contracts

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A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.

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New Freedom

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Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one.

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American Protective Association

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An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration.

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Pinkertons

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A private detective agency founded in 1850. During the labor unrest of the late 19th century, Pinkertons were hired to infiltrate labor unions, and as security guards. They were well known for their involvement in the Homestead Strike, where they protected the strikebreakers.

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National Grange Movement

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Organized in 1868 by Oliver H. Kelley as social and educational organization for farmers and their families.

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Cross of Gold speech

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An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

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Bull Moose Party

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The Progressive Party, it was Roosevelt's party in the 1912 election. He ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson.

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American Federation of Labor

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Association of skilled artisans that focused on wages and job security issues. The labor organizing spread to mining towns and lumber camps. They wanted workers to own the means of production.

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Coxey's Army

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1893 - Group of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey who marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief. Government arrested the leaders and broke up the march in Washington.

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Wounded Knee

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The Wounded Knee massacre was committed by American soldiers when they shot a large group of Lakota Sioux when they had left their reservation.

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Knights of Labor

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1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

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ABC Powers

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The South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between Mexico and the United States in 1914.

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