eLecture 4C (0:00-5:02:12) – Flashcards
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Cold War
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(1945-1991) The period after the Second World War marked by rivalry and tension between the two nuclear superpowers, the democratic capitalists of the United States and the totalitarian communist of the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. It played out on a global stage and involved propaganda campaigns; covert actions.
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Marshall Plan
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Massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe; was intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power
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NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries Defense treaty to prevent Soviet expansion in Europe
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Iron Curtain
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The boundary separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the mostly democratic nations of Western Europe. Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East-West divide in postwar Europe.
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Warsaw Pact/Comecon
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Countries east of the Iron Curtain came under the military, political, and economic domination of the Soviet Union within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) and the Warsaw Pact. Warsaw Pact is a military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Organized in 1955 in answer to NATO, Included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.
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Hot Wars of Cold War
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"Hot wars" in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean; and an arms race, with the threat of a nuclear war which the United States and the USSR supported opposite sides. Examples include Korean War, Vietnam War, The Yom Kippur War, The Afghanistan War
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De-Stalinization
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As carried out by Nikita Khrushchev, de-Stalinization meant denouncing Joseph Stalin's cult of personality, producing more consumer goods, allowing greater cultural freedom, and pursuing peaceful coexistence with the West. Policies eventually failed to meet their economic goals within the Soviet Union and prompted revolts in Eastern Europe in the late 1960s
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Crises of the Cold War
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Germany divided, Korean War, Fidel Castro and Cuba, Berlin Wall, Cuban Missile Crisis, Space Race, Vietnam War, Arms Race
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1968 (HUB Date)
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Czechoslovakia began a program of reform with promised civil liberties, democratic political reforms, and a more independent political system. The Soviet Union invaded the country and put down the short-lived period of freedom == ReStalinization. Student revolts in Paris. Robert Kennedy assassinated. MLK assassinated. Peak of the counterculture movement
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Perestroika and Glasnost
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Gorbachev comes to power in USSR - ushers in era of reform - perestroika- economic reform-restructuring -- glasnost- means openness- allowed greater free expression
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1989 (HUB Date)
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Fall of Berlin Wall. This is the symbolic end of the cold war
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Christian Responses to Totalitarianism
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The challenges of totalitarianism and communism in Central and Eastern Europe brought various responses from the Christian churches. For example, Solidarity (Polish political party (anti-communism) lead by Lech Walesa; wanted free elections for Poles), Pope John Paul II (This pope contributed materially to the end of the Cold War and gave attention to Solidarity), Martin Niemoller (luthern minister, preached against nazi policies --- "First they came for the ...)
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Nationalist and Separatist Movements
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Nationalist and separatist movements, along with ethnic conflict and ethnic cleansing, periodically disrupted the post-World War II peace. For example, nationalist violence in Ireland and Chechnya, separatist violence amongst the Basque in Spain and the Flemish in Belgium
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Decolonization
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The process by which colonies gained their independence from the imperial European powers after World War II (1947-62). It was the rising demand of Asian and African people for national self-determination, racial equality, and personal dignity. The Indian independence played a big role in decolonization. Decolonization in much of Africa proceeded smoothly. Colonies were given a choice of a total break or immediate independence within a commonwealth. This resulted in increase of western European countries' economic and cultural ties with former African colonies.
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Indigenous Nationalists Movements
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Independence for many African and Asian territories was delayed until the mid- and even late 20th century by the imperial powers' reluctance to relinquish control, threats of interference from other nations, unstable economic and political systems, and Cold War strategic alignments. Movements within African and Asian nations played a large role in beginning the decolonization process. For example, Indian National Congress, Algeria's National Liberation Front (FLN), Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh, Keynan Mao-Mao
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Rise of New Nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe
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After the fall of communist dictatorships in eastern Europe, a new nationalism brought peaceful revolution in most countries (Czechoslovakia, Lithuania, etc) but resulted in war and genocide in the Balkans (Former Yugoslavia) (and instability in some former Soviet republics (Chechnya).
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Ethnic Cleansing
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The systematic attempt to remove all people of a particular ethnicity from a country or region either by forced migration or genocide. During the 1990s, Serbian terrorize and killed ethnic Albanians in Kosovo and muslims in Bosnia, who were asking for self rule as a result of a growing Nationalism after the fall of communism in eastern Europe
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United Nations
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An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.
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World monetary and trade system
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Following World War II, the United States exerted a strong military, political, and economic influence in Western Europe, leading to the creation of world monetary and trade systems. Examples include (International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank - loans to countries for economic development, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - reduction of tariffs and import quotas, World Trade Organization (WTO) - successor to the GATT
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Economic Miracle
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Refers to the great recovery that was made in European economies in the post World War II era. Extensive reconstruction of industry and infrastructure and stimulated an extended period of growth in Western and Central Europe, which increased the economic and cultural importance of consumerism.
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Welfare State
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A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc. This expansion of cradle-to-grave social welfare programs in the aftermath of World War II, accompanied by high taxes, became a contentious domestic political issue as the budgets of European nations came under pressure in the late 20th century.
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Post World War II European Immigration
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Increased immigration into Europe altered Europe's religious makeup, causing debate and conflict over the role of religion in social and political life.
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Anti-immigration, right-wing parties
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Because of the economic growth of the 1950s and 1960s, numerous guest workers from southern Europe, Asia, and Africa immigrated to Western and Central Europe; however, after the economic downturn of the 1970s, these workers and their families often became targets of anti-immigrant agitation and extreme nationalist political parties. Examples include French National Front, Austrian Freedom Party
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European Economic Alliances
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In the aftermath of World War II, European states began a process of economic unification. The economic alliance known as the European Coal and Steel Community, envisioned as a means to spur postwar economic recovery, developed into the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market) and the European Union (EU), Europe experienced increasing economic and political integration and efforts to establish a shared European identity.
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1993 (HUB Date)
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Treaty of Maastricht creates the European Union (EU)
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European Union (EU)
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a supranational organization whose goal is to unite Europe so that goods, services, and workers can move freely among member countries. Formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration. Made up of over two dozen European nations, with a common currency and common policies and laws.
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Challenges to National Sovereignty in EU
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One of the major continuing challenges to countries in the EU is balancing national sovereignty with the responsibilities of membership in an economic and political union. Examples include The creation of the euro, The creation of a European parliament , Free movement across borders
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Post World War II Feminism
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In Western Europe through the efforts of feminists, and in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union through government policy, women finally gained the vote, greater educational opportunities, and access to professional careers, even while continuing to face social inequalities. Examples of feminists and feminism include Simone de Beauvoir and Second-wave feminism
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Baby Boom
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With economic recovery after World War II, the birth rate increased dramatically (the Baby Boom), often promoted by government policies. Government policies include Neonatalism, Subsidies for large families, Child-care facilities
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Post War Love, Marriage and Reproduction
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New modes of marriage, partnership, motherhood, divorce, and reproduction gave women more options in their personal lives. Examples include Birth Control, Abortion 'The Pill', Scientific means of fertilization
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Second Vatican Council
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Convened by Pope John Paul XXIII (1962-1965), this council aimed to reflect on Church teaching so that the Church would respond appropriately to the needs of the modern world. Reform in the Catholic Church found redefined the Church's dogma and practices and started to redefine its relations with other religious communities.
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New Voices in Modern Europe
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Green parties in Western and Central Europe challenged consumerism, urged sustainable development, and, by the late 20th century, cautioned against globalization. Gay and lesbian movements worked for expanded civil rights, obtaining in some nations the right to form civil partnerships with full legal benefits or to marry. Intellectuals and youth reacted against perceived bourgeois materialism and decadence, most significantly with the revolts of 1968.
