Educational Psychology Exam 1 (Chapter 1-4) – Flashcards
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Cognitive development:
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changes in thinking
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Three Principles of Development
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1. People develop at different rates. 2. Development is relatively orderly. 3. Development takes place gradually.
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Neurons
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Communication mechanisms in the brain
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Cerebral Cortex
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Responsible for complex problem solving and language Last part of brain to develop are the frontal lobes
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Lateralization
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The specialization of the two sides/ hemispheres, of the brain
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Cerebellum:
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coordinates skilled movement
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Implications for Teachers.
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Many of the strategies offered by "brain-based" advocates are simply good teaching.
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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
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Our cognitive skills change because we're constantly trying to make sense of the world.
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Schemes:
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organized systems of actions or thoughts that allow us to mentally represent or "think about" the objects and events in our world. Basic blocks for thinking and memory
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Adaptation:
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adjusting to the environment
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Assimilation:
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incorporating information into existing schemes
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Accommodation:
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changing existing schemes
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Equilibration:
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Organizing, assimilating, and accommodating can be viewed as a kind of complex balancing act. Equilibration is the act of searching for a balance.
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Four Stages of Cognitive Development 1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3.Concrete Operations 4. Formal Operations
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1. (0-2 years) • Development of imitation, memory, and thought • Recognition of object permanence • Beginning of goal-directed actions 2.(2-7 years) Language acquisition and use Symbolic thinking Logical reasoning Egocentric 3. (7-11 years) • Solve logical problems through manipulation • Laws of conservation Understand reversibility 4.(11-Adult) Abstract thinking Scientific reasoning (logico-mathematical) Social, multilayered, complex thinking
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Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective
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It's a Sociocultural Theory Human activities take place in social settings and can't be understood apart from these settings Social interactions create our cognitive structures and thinking processes, this is different than Piaget
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Cultural tools
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Material (physical) Psychological (language & symbols)
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Zone of Proximal Development
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Area where the child can't solve a problem alone, but can be successful under adult guidance or in collaboration with a more advanced peer
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Scaffolding:
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understanding the students' needs; giving information, prompts, reminders, and encouragement at the right time and in the right amounts; and then gradually allowing the students to do more and more on their own
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Disability
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The inability to do something specific such as walk or hear.
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Children are said to have an intellectual disability if they have difficulty adapting to the demands of independent living and have IQ scores below:
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70
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Handicap
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A disadvantage in a particular situation, sometimes caused by a disability.
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Intelligence
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Ability or abilities to acquire and use knowledge for solving problems and adapting to the world
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General Intelligence (g) Spearman's "g"
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A general factor in cognitive ability that is related in varying degrees to performance on all mental tests.
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Crystallized intelligence
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ability to apply culturally approved problem-solving methods
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CHC theory believes intelligence to be a triangle
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True
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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
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there are several separate intelligences,
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Six entry points for teaching
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Narrative, Logical-quantitative, Aesthetic, Experimental, Interpersonal, Existential/Foundational
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Sternburg's Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence
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A three-part description of the mental abilities (thinking processes, coping with new experience and adapting to context) that lead to more or less intelligent behavior.
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Intelligence Quotient
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Score comparing mental and chronological ages
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Flynn effect
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Because of better health, smaller families increased complexity in the environment and more and better schooling, IQ tests are steadily rising.
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Learning preferences
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preferred ways of studying and learning, such as using pictures instead of text, working with other people versus alone, learning in structured or in unstructured situations and so on.
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IDEA
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Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act Amendment of PL 94-142; guarantees a free public education to all children regardless of disability - expanded services to birth to 21
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IDEA 04
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added Response to Intervention
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FAPE
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Free, appropriate public education for all students with disabilities
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Zero reject
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a basic principle of IDEA specifying the no student with a disability, no matter what kind or how severe, can be denied a free public education
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Least restrictive environment (LRE)
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To the maximum extent possible, students with disabilities should be educated with non-disabled students. Educating each child with peers in the regular classroom to the greatest extent possible
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Mainstreaming
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Teaching children with disabilities in regular classes for part or all of their school day
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Integration
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Fitting the child with special needs into existing class structures
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Inclusion
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The integration of all students, including those with severe disabilities, into regular classes
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Individual Education Plan (IEP)
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Annually revised program for an exceptional student, detailing present achievement level, goals and strategies, drawn up by teachers, parents, specialists, and (if possible) the student
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Section 504
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A part of civil rights law that prevents discrimination against people with disabilities in programs that receive federal funds such as public schools
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Learning Disability
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Problem with acquisition and use of language; may show up a difficulty with reading, writing, reasoning or math
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Intellectual disabilities
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Significantly below-average intellectual and adaptive social behavior, evident before age 18 (current term for mental retardation)
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Mental age is
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iq
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chronological age
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years
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There are gender differences in iq.
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true
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Three common mental health topics seen in school:
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ADHD, depression, anxiety
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Teachers' sense of efficacy*
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A teacher's belief that he or she can reach even difficult students to help them learn,
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Reflective
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Thoughtful and inventive. Reflective teachers think back over situations to analyze what they did and why and to consider how they might improve learning for their students.
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Differentiated instruction
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teaching that takes into account students' abilities, prior knowledge, and challenges so that instruction not only matches the subject being taught but also the students' needs.
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Educational Psychology
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The discipline concerned with teaching and learning processes; applies to the methods and theories of psychology and has its own as well.
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Descriptive Studies
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Studies that collected detailed information about specific situations, often using observation, surveys, interview, recordings, or a combination of these methods.
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Ethnography
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A descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved.
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Participant Observation
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A method for conducting descriptive research in which the researcher becomes a participant in the situation in order to better understand life in that group.
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Case Study
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Intensive study of one person or one situation.
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Correlations
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Statistical descriptions of how closely two variables are related.
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Positive Correlation
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A relationship between two variables in which the two increase or decrease together, Example: calorie intake and weight gain.
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Negative Correlation
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A relationship between two variables in which a high value on one is associated with a low value on the other. Example: height and distance from top of head to the ceiling.
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Experimentation
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Research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded.
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Quasi-experimental studies
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Studies that fit most of the criteria for true experiments, with the important exception that the participants are not assigned to groups at random. Instead, existing groups such as classes or schools participate in the experiment.
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Statistically Significant
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Not likely yo be a chance occurrence.
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Zone of Proximal Development
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Phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support.
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Good teaching equals
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creativity
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Elementary stations and secondary groups and partnering are examples of way to
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differentiate instruction
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For good teacher-student relationships start
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strong and then scale back
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Identity Foreclosure
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placed into something so you cant/wont struggle
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4 Styles of Parenting
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1. Authoritative 2. Authoritarian 3. Permissive 4. Rejecting/Neglecting
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Authoritative
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set clear limits, enforce rules, and expect mature behavior, but they are warm with their children
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Authoritarian
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seem cold and controlling in their interactions with their children. children are expected to be mature because the parents "said so"
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Permissive
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warm and nurturing, few rules or consequences for their children
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Rejecting/Neglecting
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don't seem to care at all and cant be bothered with controlling, communicating, or teaching their children
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Cliques
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relatively small, friendship based, more evident in middle childhood and early adolescence
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Crowds
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less intimate, more loosely organized groups based on shard interest/activities/attitudes
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Relational Aggression
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insults, gossip, exclusion, taunts. the intent is to harm social connections
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Erickson believed that personality emerges from what?
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both inner and outer conflicts
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Erickson's 8 stages of Development
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1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Doubt/Shame 3. imitative vs. guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. role confusion 6. intimacy vs. isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation 8. ego integrity vs. despair
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trust vs. mistrust
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feeding
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autonomy vs. doubt/shame
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potty training
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initiative vs. guilt
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independence
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industry vs. inferiority
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school
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identity vs. role confusion
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peer relations
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intimacy vs. isolation
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love relationships
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generativity vs. stagnation
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parenting/mentoring
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ego integrity vs. despair
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reflection on and acceptance into ones life
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Identity Achievement
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after exploring realistic options the individual has made a choice and is ready to explore that choice
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Moratorium
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exploration with a delay in commitment to personal and occupational choices
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Identity Diffusion
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individuals do not explore any options or commit to any actions
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Academic Caring
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setting high but reasonable expectations and helping students reach those goals
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Personal Caring
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patient, respectful, humorous, willing to listen, interested in others problems
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Self Concept
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refers to our perceptions of ourselves, multi-dimensional. (boys=better at math/athletics, girls=reading/friendships)
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James Marcias 4 theories of identity
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1. identity achievement 2. moratorium 3. identity foreclosure 4. identity diffusion
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3 levels of moral reasoning
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1. pre conventional 2. conventional 3. post conventional
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Pre conventional
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judgement is based on a persons own needs and perceptions
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Conventional
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expectations of society and laws are taken into account
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Post Conventional
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judgments are based on abstract, more personal principles of justice that are not necessarily defined by society's laws
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