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Descriptive studies

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studies that collect detailed information about specific situations, often using observation,surveys,interviews recordings, or a combination of these methods

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Disequilibrium

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In Piagest's theory, the "out of balance" state that occurs when a person realizes that his or her current ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem or understand a situation

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Case study

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intensive study of one person or one situation

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correlations

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Statistical descriptions of how closely two variables are related

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Educational Psychology

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the discipline of concerned with teaching and learning processes; applies the methods and theories of psychology and has its own as well

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Crystalized intelligencee

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ability to apply cultural approved problm solving methods

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Concrete operations

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Mental tasks tied to concrete objects and materials

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Cognitive development

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gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated

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autonomy

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Independence

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Attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder

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current term for disruptive behoavior disorder marked by over-activity, excessive difficulty sustaining attention of impulsivness

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Autism/Autism spectrum disorders

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Development disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before the age of 3 and ranging from mild to major

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Automaticity

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The ability to perform thoroughly learned tasks without much mental efforts. The result of learning to perform a behavior or thinking process so thoroughly that the performance is automatic and does not require effort

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Attachment

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forming an emotional bond with another person; initially a parent or family member

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Bioecological model

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Bronfenbrenners theory describing the nested social and cultural context that shape development. Every person develops within a micro-system, inside a mesosystem, embedded in an exosystem, all of which are a part of a macro-system of the culture. All development occurs in and is influenced by the time period - the chronosystem.

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Devation IQ

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scor based on a statistical comparison of an individuals performance with the average performance with the average performance of others in that age group

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Disability

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the inability to do something specific such as walk or hear

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Context

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Internal and external circumstancesand situations that interact with the individuals thoughts, feelings, and actionas to shape development and learning. The physical or emotial backdrop associated with an event

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Developmental Crisis

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A specific conflict whose resolution prepares the way for the next stage

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Distributive justice

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Practice in brief periods with rest intervals

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Emotional and behavioral disorders

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Behaviors or emotions that deviated so much from the norm that they interfere with the child's own growth and development and/or the lives of others- inappropriate behaviors, unhappiness or depressions, fears and anxieties and trouble with relationships

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Ethnography

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A descriptive approach to research that focus on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved

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Experimentation

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Research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded

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Equilibration

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Search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment

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Executive functioning

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All those processes that we use to organize, coordinate, and perform goal directed, intentional actions, including focusing attention, inhibiting impulsive responses, making and changing plans, and using memory to hold and manipulate information.

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Formal operations

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Mental tasks involving abstract thinking and coordination of a number variables

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Fluid intelligence

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Mental efficiency, nonverbal abilities grounded in brain development

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Gender intelligence

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a general factor in cognitive ability that is related in varying degrees to performance on all mental tests

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Generativity

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Sense of concern for future generation

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Hytpothesis/ hypotheses

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a prediction of what will happen in a research study bases on theory and previous research

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Identity

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principle that a person or object remains the same over tim. (Piaget) The complex answer to the questio: "Who am I?" (Erikson)

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Individualized Educaiton Program (IEP)

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Annually revised program for an exceptional student, detailing present achievement level, goals, and strategies, drawn up by teachers, parents, specialist and (if possible) the student

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Individuals with disablities education act (IDEA)

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lastes amendment of PL 94-142: guarantees aa free public education to all children regardless of disability

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Integration

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fitting the child with special needs into existing class structures

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Intelleectual disabilities/ mental retardation

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Significantly below- average intellectual and adaptive social behavior, evident before age 18

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Intelligence

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Ability or abilities to acquire and use knowledge for solving problems and adapting to the world

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Intellegince quotient (Iq)

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Score comparing mental and chronolgoical ages

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Identity Achievement

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strong sense of commmitment to life choices after free considerations of alternatives

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Identity Foreclosure

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acceptance of parental llife choices with consideration of options

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Initiative

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willingness to begin new activities and explore new directions

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Integrity

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sense of self acceptance and fulfillment

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Learned helplessness

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The expectation, based on previous experiences with a lack of control, that all of ones efforts will lead to failure

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Learning disability

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problem with acquistion and use of languge: may show up as difficulty with reading, writing, reasoning, or math.

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Learning preferencees

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preffered ways of studying and leanring, such as using picutes instead of text, working with other poeple versus alone, learning in structured or in unstructed situations and so on

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Learning styles

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characteristics approaches to learning and studying

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Mainstreaming

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teaching children with disabilities in regular classes for part or all of their school

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Maturation

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genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time

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Myelination

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the process by which neural fiberfs are coated with a fatty sheath called myelin that makes message transfer more efficient

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Moral dilemmas

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situaitons in which no choices is clearly and indisputably right

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Moral realism

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stage of development wherein children see rules as absolute

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Moral reasoning

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Thinking process involved in judgement about questions of right and wrong

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Neurons

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nerve cells that store and transfer information

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Object permanence

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The understanding that objects have separate, permanent existence

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Operations

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actions a person carries out by thinking them through instead of literally performing the actions

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Personal development

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changes in personality that take place as one grows

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Physical development

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Changes in body structure and fuction over time

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Plasticity

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the brains tendency to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible

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Preoperational

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the stage before a child masters logical mental operations

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Reversiblilty

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a characteristic of piagetian logical operations- the ability to thinking through a series of steps, then mentally reverse the steps an return to the starting point; also called reversible thinking

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qualitiative research

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exploratory research that attempts to understand the meaning of events to the participants involved using such methods as case studies, interviews, ethnography, participant observation, and other approaching that focus on a few people in depth

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Quantitative reasearch

answer

research that studies many participants in more formal and controlled way using objects measures such as experimentation, statistical analyses, tests, and structured observation.

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scaffolding

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support for learning and problem solving

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schemes

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in Piagetian theory, mental systems or categorizes of perceptions and experience

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sensitive periods

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times when a person is especially ready to learn certain things or responsive to certain experiences

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Sensorimotor

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involving the senses and motor activity

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social development

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changes over time in the ways we relate to others

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sociocultural theory

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emphasizes role in development of cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgeable members of society, children learn the culture of their community ( ways of thinking and behaving ) through these interactions

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Synapses

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the tiny space between neurons- chemical messages are sent across these gaps

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Section 504

answer

a part of civil rights law that prevents discrimination against people with disabilities in programs that receive federal funds , such as public schools

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Teacher's sense of efficacy

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a teacher's belief that he or she can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn

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theory of multiple intelligence

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in Gardner's theory of intelligence , a persons eight separate abilities; logical- mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily- kinnesthic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist

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Triarchic theory of successful intelligence

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a three part description of the mental abilities( thinking processes, coping with new experiences, and adapting to context) that lead to more or less intelligent behavior

Educational Psychology Chapters 1-4 (Exam 1) – Flashcards

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