Educational Psychology Chapters 1-3 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
expert
answer
a person who is highly knowledgeable or skilled in a particular domain
question
effective teachers
answer
teachers who are able to produce more learning in their students than would be expected for the students' background and ability
question
educational psychology
answer
the academic discipline that focuses on human teaching and learning
question
professional knowlege
answer
the body of information and skills that are unique to a particular area of study
question
pedagogical content knowledge
answer
an understanding of how to represent topics in ways that make them understandable to learners, as well as an understanding of what makes specific topics easy or hard to learn
question
general pedagogical knowledge
answer
a type of professional knowledge that involves an understanding of instructional strategies and classroom management that apply to all topics and subject matter areas
question
reflective practice
answer
the process of conducting a critical self-examination of one's teaching
question
descriptive research
answer
research that uses tools such as tests, surveys, and observations to describe the status or characteristics of a situation or phenomenon
question
correlational research
answer
the process of looking for relationships between variables that enables researchers to predict changes in one variable on the basis of changes in another without implying that one variable causes the other
question
correlation
answer
a relationship, either positive or negative, between two or more variables
question
experimental research
answer
a type of research that systematically manipulates variables in attempts to determine cause and effect
question
qualitative research
answer
a type of research that attempts to describe a complex educational phenomenon in a holistic fashion using nonnumeric data
question
action research
answer
applied research designed to answer a specific school- or classroom-related question
question
theories
answer
sets of related patterns, derived from observations, that researchers use to explain and predict events in the world
question
delay of gratification
answer
the ability to forgo an immediate pleasure or reward in order to gain a more substantial one later.
question
self-regulation
answer
the ability to direct and control one's own actions and emotions
question
case studies
answer
authentic stories of teaching and learning events in classooms
question
developmental differences
answer
changes in students' thinking, personalities, and social skills that result from maturation and experience
question
developmentally appropriate practice
answer
instruction that matches teacher actions to the capabilities and needs of learners at different developmental levels
question
research
answer
the process of systematically gathering information in an attempt to answer professional questions
question
development
answer
the changes that occur in human beings as they grow from infancy to adulthood
question
physical development
answer
changes in the size, shape, and functioning of our bodies
question
personal,social,and emotional development
answer
changes in our personality, the ways we interact with others, and our ability to manage our feelings
question
cognitive development
answer
changes in out thinking that occur as a result of maturation and experience
question
maturation
answer
genetically controlled, age-related changes in individuals
question
neurons
answer
nerve cells composed of cell bodies, dendrites, and axons, which make up the learning capability of the brain
question
dendrites
answer
relatively short, branchlike structures that extend from the cell body of neurons and receive messages from other neurons
question
axons
answer
longer branches that extend from the cell body of neurons and transmit messages to other neurons
question
synapses
answer
the tiny spaces between neurons that allow messages to be transmitted from one neuron to another
question
equilibrium
answer
a cognitive state in which we're able to explain new experiences by using existing understanding
question
schemes
answer
mental operations that represent our constructed understanding of the world
question
assimilation
answer
the process of using existing schemes to interpret new experiences
question
accomodation
answer
the process of creating new schemes or adjusting old ones when they can no loner explain new experiences
question
social experience
answer
the process of interacting with others
question
stages of development
answer
general patterns of thinking for children at different ages or with different amounts of experience
question
object permanence
answer
the understanding that objects exist even when out of sight
question
conservation
answer
the idea that the amount of some substance stays the same regardless of its shape or the number of pieces into which it is divided
question
centration(centering)
answer
the tendency to focus on the most perceptually obvious aspect of an object or event, neglecting other important aspects
question
transformation
answer
the ability to mentally record the process of moving from one state to another
question
reversibility
answer
the ability to mentally trace the process of moving from an existing state back to a previous state
question
egocentrism
answer
the inability to see objects and events from others' perspectives
question
classification
answer
the process of grouping objects on the basis of common characteristics
question
seriation
answer
the ability to order objects according to increasing or decreasing length, weight, or volume
question
transitivity
answer
the ability to infer a relationship between two objects based on knowledge of their relationship with a third object
question
Neo-Piagetian theory
answer
a theory of cognitive development that accepts Piaget's stages but uses the acquisition of specific processing strategies to explain movement from on stage to the next
question
sociocultural theory of development
answer
a theory of cognitive development that emphasizes the influence of social interactions and language, embedded within a cultural context, on cognitive development
question
cognitive tools
answer
the concepts and symbols (numbers and language) together with the real tools that allow people to think, solve problems, and function in a culture
question
internilization
answer
the process through which learners incorporate external, society-based activities into internal cognitive processes
question
private speech
answer
self-talk that guides thinking and action
question
zone of proximal development
answer
a range of tasks that an individual cannot yet do alone but can accomplish when assisted by the guidance of others
question
scaffolding
answer
assistance that helps children complete tasks they cannot complete independently
question
nativist theory
answer
a theory of language development that suggests all humans are genetically wired to learn language
question
language acquisition device (LAD)
answer
a genetically controlled set of processing skills that enables children to understand and use the rules governing language
question
overgenerilization
answer
a language pattern that occurs when a child uses a word to refer to a broader class of objects than is appropriate
question
undergeneralization
answer
a language pattern that occurs when a child uses a word too narrowly
question
semantics
answer
a branch of linguistics that examines the meaning of words
question
syntax
answer
the set of rules that we use to put words together into meaningful sentences
question
personal development
answer
age-related changes in personality and the ways that individuals react to their enviroment
question
social development
answer
the advances people make in their ability to interact and get along with others
question
moral development
answer
advances in people's conceptions of right and wrong, and prosocial behaviors and traits such as honesty, fairness, and respect for others
question
temperament
answer
the relatively stable inherited characteristics that influence the way we respond to social and physical stimuli
question
mirosystem
answer
in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, the people and activities in a child's immediate surroundings
question
mesosystem
answer
in Bronfenbrenner's model, the interactions and connections between the different elements of children's immediate settings
question
exosystem
answer
in bioecological theory, societal influences that affet both the micro- and mesosystems
question
macrosystem
answer
Bronfenbrenner's fourth level, which includes cultural influences on development
question
parenting style
answer
general patterns of interacting with and disciplining children
question
attachment
answer
the strong emotional bond that forms between children and caregivers
question
school connectedness
answer
the belief by students that adults and peers in the school care about their learning as wells as about them as individuals
question
instrumental aggression
answer
an aggressive act aimed at gaining an object or privilege
question
physical aggression
answer
an aggressive act that can cause bodily injury
question
proactive aggression
answer
a deliberate aggressive act initiated toward another
question
relational aggression
answer
an aggressive act that can adversely affect interpersonal relationships
question
reactive aggression
answer
an aggressive act committed in response to frustration or another aggressive act
question
hostile attributional bias
answer
a tendency to view others' behaviors as hostile or aggressive
question
bullying
answer
a form of peer aggression that involves a systematic or repetitious abuse of power between students
question
cyberbullying
answer
the use of electronic media to harass or intimidate other students
question
puberty
answer
the series of physiological changes that occur during adolescence and lead to reproductive maturation
question
identity
answer
individuals' self constructed definition of who they are, what their existence means, and what they want in life
question
self-concept
answer
a cognitive assessment of their physical, social, and academic competence
question
crisis
answer
a psychosocial challenge that presents opportunities for development
question
sexual identity
answer
students' self-constructed definition of who they are with respect to gender orientation
question
sexual orientation
answer
the gender to which an individual is romantically and sexually attracted
question
self-esteem
answer
an emotional reaction to, or an evaluation of, the self
question
ethnic identity
answer
an awareness of ethnic group membership and a commitment to the attitudes, values, and behaviors of that group
question
collective self-esteem
answer
individuals' perceptions of the relative worth of the groups to which they belong
question
perspective taking
answer
the ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others
question
social problem solving
answer
the ability to resolve conflicts in ways that are beneficial to all involved
question
social conventions
answer
societal norms and ways of behaving in specific situations
question
external morality
answer
a stage of moral development in which individuals view rules as fixed and permanent and enforced by authority figures
question
autonomous morality
answer
a stage of moral development characterized by the belief that fairness and justice is the reciprocal process of treating others as they would want to be treated
question
moral dilemma
answer
an ambiguous, conflicting situation that requires a person to make a moral decision
question
preconventional morality
answer
an egocentric orientation lacking any internalized standards for right and wrong
question
punishment-obedience
answer
a stage of moral reasoning in which conclusions are based on the chances of getting caught and being punished
question
market exchange
answer
a stage of moral reasoning in which conclusions based on an act of reciprocity on someone else's part
question
conventional morality
answer
a moral orientation linked to uncritical acceptance of society's conventions about right and wrong
question
interpersonal harmony
answer
a stage of moral reasoning in which conclusions are based on loyalty, living up to the expectations of others, and social conventions
question
law and order
answer
a stage of moral reasoning in which conclusions are based on following laws and rules for their own sake
question
postconventional morality
answer
a moral orientation that views moral issues in terms of abstract and self-developed principles of right and wrong
question
social contract
answer
a stage of moral reasoning in which conclusions are based on socially agreed-upon principles
question
universal principles stage
answer
a stage of moral reasoning in which conclusions are based on abstract and general principles that transcend or exceed society's laws
question
shame
answer
the painful emotion aroused when people recognize that they have failed to act or think in ways they believe are good
question
guilt
answer
the uncomfortable feeling people get when they know they've caused distress for someone else
question
empathy
answer
the ability to experience the same emotion someone else is feeling
question
theory of mind
answer
an understanding that other people have distinctive perceptions, feelings, desires, and beliefs
question
emotional intelligence
answer
the ability to understand emotions in ourselves and others
question
emotional self-regulation
answer
the ability to manage our emotions so we can cope with the environment and accomplish goals
