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successive approximations

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reinforcing small steps to real a goal; the small component steps that make up a complex behavior

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Reprimands

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criticisms for misbehavior; rebukes

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Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule

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An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

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Antecedents

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Events that precede an action

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Response

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an observable reaction to a stimulus.

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Social Cognitive Theory

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Albert Bandura's theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism. Theory that adds concerns with cognitive factors such as beliefs, self-perceptions, and expectation to social learning theory. Social cognitive theory distinguishes between enactive and vicarious learning

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Modelling

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changes in behavior, thinking or emotions that occur through observing another person

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Ratio Schedule

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reinforcement based on the number of responses between reinforcers

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interval schedule

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length of time between reinforcers

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Classical Conditioning

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the learning of involuntary emotional or psychological responses

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Respondents

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automatic responses to stimulus

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presentation punishment

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decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by presenting an averse stimulus following the behavior

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Operant Conditioning

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Conditioning in which an increase or decrease in the probability that a behavior will recur is affected by the delivery of reinforcement or punishment as a consequence of the behavior;

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Social Learning Theory

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Theory that emphasizes learning through observation of others

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Prompt

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A reminder that follows a cue to make sure the person reacts to the cue

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conditioned response (CR)

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learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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stimulus that evokes an emotional or physiological response AFTER conditioning

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unconditioned response (UR)

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naturally occurring emotional or physiological response

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Unconditioned stimulus (US)

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Stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response

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Functional Behavioral Assessment

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A systematic method of assessment for obtaining information about the purposes (functions) a problem behavior serves for a person; results are used to guide the design of an intervention for decreasing the problem behavior and increasing appropriate behavior.

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Cueing

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providing a stimulus that "sets up" a desired behavior

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positive reinforcement

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increasing the probability that the response will occur again by adding a reinforcement after the behavior.

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Vicarious reinforcement

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increasing the chances that we will repeat a behavior by observing another person being reinforced for that behavior

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Self-instruction

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talking to oneself through the steps of a task

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self-management

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use of behavioral learning principles to change your own behavior

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Ripple effect

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'contagious' spreading of behaviors through imitation

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Premack principle

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principle stating that a more-preferred activity can serve as a reinforcer for a less preferred activity

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response cost

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punishment by loss of reinforcers

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cognitive behavior modification

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procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive learning principles for changing your own behavior by using self-talk and self-instruction

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satiation

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requiring a person to repeat a problem behavior past the point of motivation or interest

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negative reinforcement

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strengthening behavior by removing an averse stimulus when the behavior occurs

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Applied Behavior Analysis

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the application of behavioral learning principles to understand and change behavior

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Operants

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voluntary (and generally goal-oriented) behaviors emitted by a person or animal

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Learning

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process through which experience causes permanent change in knowledge or behavior

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observational learning

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learning by observation and imitation of others

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contingency contract

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a contract between a teacher and a learner specifying what the learner must do to earn a particular reward/privilege

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positive practice

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practicing correct responses immediately after errors

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task analysis

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system for breaking down a task hierarchically into basic skills and sub-skills

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self-efficacy

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a person's sense of being able to deal effectively with a particular task

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continuous reinforcement schedule

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presenting a reinforcer after EVERY appropriate response

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self-reinforcement

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controlling your own reinforcers

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extinction

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the disappearance of a learned response

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punishment

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process that weakens or suppresses behavior

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group consequences

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rewards or punishments given to a class as a whole for adhering to or violating rules of conduct

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removal punishment

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decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior

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shaping

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reinforcing each small step of progress towards a desired goal or behavior

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stimulus control

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capacity for the presence or absence of antecedents to cause behaviors

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behavioral learning theories

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explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in the observable behaviors

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positive behavioral supports

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interventions designed to replace problem behaviors emitted by a person or animal

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time out

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removal of all reinforcement

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contiguity

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association of two events because of repeated pairing

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Arousal

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physical and psychological reactions causing a person to feel alert, attentive, wide awake, excited, or tense

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co-regulation

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a transitional phase during which students gradually appropriate self-regulated learning and skills through modeling, direct teaching, feedback, and coaching from teachers, parents, or peers

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Human Agency

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the capacity to coordinate learning skills, motivation and emotions to reach your goals

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Mastery experiences

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our own direct experiences - the most powerful source of efficacy information

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self-regulated learning

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a view of learning as skills and will applied to analyzing learning tasks, setting goals and planning how to do the task, applying skills, and especially making adjustments about how learning is carried out

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self-regulation

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process of activating and sustaining thoughts, behaviors and emotions in order to reach goals

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social persuasion

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a "pep talk" or specific performance feedback - one source of self-efficacy

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teachers' sense of efficacy

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a teacher's belief that he or she can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn

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triarchic reciprocal causality

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an explanation of behavior that emphasizes the mutual effects of the individual and the environment on each other

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vicarious experiences

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accomplishments that are modeled by someone else

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Effective instruction delivery

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instructions that are concise clear, and specific, and that communicate an expected result. statements work better than questions.

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Enactive Learning

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learning by doing and experiencing the consequences

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Precorrection

answer

A tool for positive behavior support that involves identifying the context for a student's misbehavior, clearly specifying the alternative expected behavior, modifying the situation to make the problem behavior less likely, then rehearsing the expected positive behaviors in the new context and providing powerful reinforcers

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Reinforcer

answer

any event that follows a behavior and increases the chances that the behavior will occur again

Educational Psychology (Anita Woolfolk) chapter seven – Flashcards

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