ED 375 Midterm - Flashcards

Q: The SAT and ACT scores of prospective teachers

have increased since the early 1980\'s

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The primary reason that ninety percent of the surveyed teachers stated they entered the teaching profession was

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helping children grow and learn.

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At one time, teaching certifications were issued for life. Most states now issue certificates valid for __________ years, based on the need for increased standards.

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3-5

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Based on recent trends in teacher certification, certification requirements for secondary teaching certificates vary from one state to the next in (list)

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the number of teacher education courses the number of credit hours in specific content areas the number of general education courses

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You have just finished college and obtained certification in a northeastern state, but you have decided that you would like to teach in the Southeast. What do you most need to know if you want to become employable in a southeastern state?

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which reciprocity agreements are currently valid in the state in which you are now certified

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Programs that provide intense supervision and compressed formal coursework during the first few years of assignment to a teaching position can best be termed

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alternative certification.

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"Teach for America" is

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a program to recruit non-education majors into temporary teaching service in urban school districts.

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The economic stimulus legislation of 2008 expects to __________ the salaries of teachers.

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Improve

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Which of the following statements represents findings about teacher-preparation programs from recent reports (Teaching at Risk and Educating School Teachers)?

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A majority of programs have inadequate curriculum and low standards.

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Which of the following statements describes developments that have occurred over the last decade in teacher education and certification? (List)

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There is greater emphasis on extending the education of teachers beyond the traditional four-year degree. There is greater attention paid to developing teachers' ability to think reflectively and to increasing the intensity of their field-based education while in college. There is an increased emphasis on the use of technology in teacher training.

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The SAT and ACT scores of prospective teachers

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have increased since the early 1980's

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Minority groups in the teaching profession

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are likely to decline as a proportion of the total teaching force

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The trend in college students entering the teaching profession in the 1980s to today has

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increased nearly 100 percent.

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Potential difficulties teachers are unprepared for include

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special-education populations. racial and ethnic minority groups. English as a second language students.

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Which of the following is likely to increase the demand for more new teacher positions?

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reductions in class size

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Minority students make up forty percent of the population in public schools, but elementary and secondary minority teachers only make up

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fifteen percent

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Of the following nonpublic schools, which has shown the largest increase in enrollment in recent years?

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Independent schools (nonreligious)

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In which field of study has there been a persistent shortage of teachers?

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Math and Science

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To what degree does a teacher's salary vary among and within the states?

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considerably

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The American Association of Colleges of Teacher Education (AACTE) states that the low proportion of minority teachers constitutes

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a devastating crisis.

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The fact that there is no agreed-upon body of knowledge for teaching is a limitation when professional organizations try to increase teachers'

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professionalism.

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Compared to the salary of the average college graduate, teacher pay is

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lower.

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Collective bargaining can influence which of the following issues? (List)

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salaries working conditions school-based management

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Which of the following presents the greatest obstacle to teachers' gaining the kind of autonomy suggested by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards?

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Because education is a public enterprise and a public responsibility, citizens and their elected officials will be slow to turn control over to teachers.

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Which of the following is not evidence that teaching is increasingly being recognized as a full-fledged profession in this country?

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There is a great deal of variety in what is defined as a "knowledge base" for teaching.

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Your friend Susan found her first year of teaching to be very traumatic. She had great difficulty adjusting to the "real world" of school, and she felt overwhelmed by how much she had to learn and to handle. Which of the following might have helped her most in avoiding such negative experiences during her initial year of teaching?

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a mediated entry program

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Interest in staff development has increased because it is being seen as

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a way to stay current with the latest educational trends.

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Merit pay is given to a teacher who has...

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demonstrated superior performance

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Critics of merit pay say that it will reduce

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communication and cooperation

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When considering a defined body of knowledge as a characteristic of a profession, which of the following statements accurately describes a criticism of teacher preparation programs?

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Not enough pedagogy courses are required.

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Greenfield Elementary has an active School Improvement Council. The school's faculty, principal, and community representatives work as partners to review and make collaborative plans for program, staff, and resources. This is an example of which trend?

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school-based management

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The phrase teaching out of license means teaching out of

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the subject in which one is certified.

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Teaching is often thought of as a "semi profession" or "emerging profession," much like

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nursing and social workers.

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Preparing a good teacher in a "defined body of knowledge" often results in _______________ being a part of the teacher preparation program. (List)

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professional education "major" and "minors" in the subject area general education courses

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In recent measures of occupational prestige, teachers rank

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above the ninetieth percentile

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Which of the following is not an impediment to teaching being considered a profession?

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a lack of professional associations

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Which of the following statements most accurately compares teaching to other professions, such as medicine and law?

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Teachers are more affected by decisions of people outside the profession than are lawyers and doctors.

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Which of the following has most significantly increased the prestige of teaching in the eyes of the public?

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increased level of education of teachers

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Your friend Susan found her first year of teaching to be very traumatic. She had great difficulty adjusting to the "real world" of school, and she felt overwhelmed by how much she had to learn and to handle. Which of the following might have helped her most in avoiding such negative experiences during her initial year of teaching?

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a mediated entry program

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Children learn the group's language and skills and assimilate moral and religious values through ________.

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enculturation

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Education in preliterate societies focused on

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survival skills

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For Aristotle, thinking and knowing begin with

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one's sensation of objects in the environment

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Advanced school in ancient Egypt were established to prepare which people for their future

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priests, government officials, and physicians

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Arabic educators contributed to Western education by

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Islamic scholars translated the texts of ancient Greek authors such as Aristotle, Euclid, Archimedes, and Hippocrates into Arabic which later reintroduced Western education.

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The early Chinese culture believed that their heritage was __________________.

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ethnocentric and superior to all others

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An important Greek and Roman contribution to Western education was

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the focus on the role of education in improving society's political well-being

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Many cultures counted on _________to transmit their cultural heritage through very gifted leaders.

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storytelling

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The Sophists broke with traditional Greek beliefs about education in that they

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saw education as a means by which groups that were not part of society's elite could become part of the elite.

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What are some samples of informal learning?

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songs and stories

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Your colleague Brenda, a social studies teacher, believes that only the best-educated persons should be in positions of authority in the American federal government. Which of the following had views most similar to Brenda's?

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Plato

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In Plato's Republic, he

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described a perfect state ruled by the intellectual elite.

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Isocrates maintained that education had objectives that led to

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virtuous leaders.

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The Romans borrowed many of their philosophical views on education from the Greeks. The relationship between the two cultures is best expressed in which of the following statements?

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Although the Romans strongly emphasized the education of the elite, as had the Greeks, the Romans were more interested in preparing a ruling class for the republic, and later the empire, and were less interested in the search for ultimate truth.

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Currently, national exams are utilized for entrance, especially to universities, in _______________.

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China Japan South Korea

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Which of the following best reflects the metaphysical position underlying Plato's beliefs about education?

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The purpose of education was to help students begin to discover the truths that were innately present within each person and, in the process, to find those persons who were most intellectually capable of leading society.

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As a high-school social studies teacher, you believe your students lack enough heroes and role models. You begin collaborating with an English teacher at your school to have students turn aspects of their family histories into epics that highlight the positive characteristics and admirable actions of male and female family members. In having students write, share, and discuss these personal epics, you are following most closely in the educational footsteps of which of the following groups?

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Ancient Greeks

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Which ancient Chinese educational legacy still influences China's education system today?

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national examinations

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The child depravity theory held that the corruptive weakness of children could be corrected by authoritarian teaching technique. True False

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True

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The naturalist theory provided that children are primarily good. True False

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True

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The teaching of Latin utilizing the student's vernacular language was emphasized by what person?

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Comenius.

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The teachings of _______________ structured learning environments based on the child's development.

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Piaget and Frobel

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Rousseau believed that the school as an institution

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corrupted children.

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Rousseau broke with many educational philosophers in his belief that

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adult coercion negatively influences children's development.

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Pestalozzi believed that teachers needed to develop

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secure and loving environments.

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Herbart was noted for incorporating history and literature into the curriculum. He did this to

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study the lives of great people of the past and how they made their moral decisions.

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The kindergarten was designed to cultivate a child's latent spirituality through songs and stories. True False

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True

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You just took a job teaching in a primary school. The principal has told you that the school's mission envisions each classroom becoming a "prepared environment" for encouraging self-development and socialization. These ideas are based on which theorist?

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Montessori

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Schools in New England were designed to contribute to a person's

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economic productivity.

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Matthew is the twelve-year-old son of a successful businessman in colonial New England. Which of the following schools is he most likely to attend?

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Latin grammar school

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Because of their acceptance of the child depravity theory, colonial teachers

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used firm, harsh discipline.

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The "Old Deluder Satan" Act was important because it

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required towns to appoint a reading and writing teacher.

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In colonial times, the town school was

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locally controlled.

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The ___________ recreated the socioeconomic class-based dual track school systems.

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colonists

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A distinguishing feature of the middle colonies was that they had

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a variety of religions and languages.

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Large southern plantations affected schooling for blacks and poor whites by

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limiting opportunities for their education.

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Which of the following statements best reflects the motivation for creating schools in colonial America?

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Schools were most often organized to insulate and educate colonial groups on the basis of religious or cultural needs.

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Which group tended to have the greatest access to educational opportunities in colonial America?

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sons of the upper class in New England

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The Northwest Ordinance of 1785 required townships to

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designate land for the purpose of education.

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____________________ taught the Latin and Greek languages required for admission to colonial colleges.

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Latin grammar schools

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When Thomas Jefferson tried to establish public education in Virginia, his primary purpose was to

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promote a knowledge citizenry.

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In 1647, the general court of _____________ passed the "Old Deluder Satan" Act into law.

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Massachusetts

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Thomas Jefferson's Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge is an important benchmark in the history of public education because it

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marked a transition in the broad purpose of schooling from religious instruction, as had existed in the colonial period, to public schools based on the needs of a democratic society.

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What early American statesman advocated schools that taught the Bible and Christian principles and that were supported by a combination of private (controlled by religious denominations) and public funds?

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Benjamin Rush

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The hornbook was primary designed for children to memorize _____________________.

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syllables the alphabet words and sentences

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The educational efforts of people such as Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Noah Webster most directly culminated in which of the following?

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the development of the common school by leaders such as Horace Mann during the nineteenth century

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Interest in the monitorial method of instruction faded because it

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was replaced by the common school.

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The elementary school that was open to the children of all social and economic classes was the

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common school.

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Philosophy is tied to education through the attempt to answer what questions?

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What is real? What is knowledge based on? What is moral and right? What is beautiful and good? How can we reason?

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________________focuses on the knowledge of knowing and what we base our knowledge of the world on.

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Epistemology

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The process of problem solving is stressed in

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Pragmatism

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Who developed the concept of realism, which asserts that reality is outside of our minds?

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Aristotle

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Viewing the school as an agent of society and as a means for developing collaborative learning communities is a fundamental position of

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Pragmatism

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Curriculum development committees that consider the nature of reality and existence focus primarily on

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metaphysics.

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For the existentialist educator, values are

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freely chosen

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Teacher education classes that deal with methods of instruction focus primarily on

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epistemology.

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A course examining the moral values and rules of right conduct deals with

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ethics.

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______________ is the most general way of thinking about a person's life in the world and reflecting deeply on that role.

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Philosophy

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Local school districts have been delegated powers and duties by the

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state government

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School board members are usually selected by

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election by community members

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Which of the following countries has a nationwide educational system?

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Great Britain, France, and Japan

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The day-to-day operation of a school district is determined by the

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superintendent

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The "Chicago plan" is an example of which type of reform?

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community control

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An elected community school board functioning in conjunction with a central school board is an example of

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community control

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The combination of a number of smaller school districts into one or two larger ones is called

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community control

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When comparing large and small school districts, it is probably most realistic to argue that

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although large school districts may realize some financial efficiency, they generally suffer from a higher degree of bureaucratic constraints.

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Some studies indicate that compared with large high schools, small high schools have

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improved grades, better attendance rates, more student responsiveness

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Educational opportunities for all citizens, with responsibility shared with various community institutions, is an example of

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community education

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What are the four governmental levels of education?

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local, intermediate (in some states), state, and federal

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Who governs schools at the local level?

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superintendent, central office staff, and school principals

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What are the forms of public involvement in schools?

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community participation, community control, community schools, and charter schools

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What are the sides of the debate on how school and school district size effects the efficiency and effectiveness?

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Many believe that increase in size do not necessarily mean increase in efficiency or effectiveness and might result in the opposite.

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What is metaphysics?

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Considers questions about the ultimate reality. What is ultimately real or not real?

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What is epistemology?

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Deals with knowledge about knowing, influences methods of teaching and learning. Asks "ON what do we base our knowledge of the world and our understanding of truth?

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What is axiology?

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prescribes and proscribes values, divided into ethics and aesthetics. appropriate vs. inappropriate behavior

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What are the differences between " philosophy" and "theories" ?

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Philosophies: more general wide ranging, systematic, complete, global components related to metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic insights derived from the general philosophical system Theories: specific focused on education; no complete philosophical system offered components related to specifics from education (curriculum, teaching, and learning) insights derived from more general philosophies or school contexts

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Metaphysics

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asks: What is real? Knowledge of most worth: the curriculum

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Epistemology

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asks: What is knowledge based on? How we teach and learn: methods of instruction

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Axiology

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asks: What is moral and right (ethics)? What is beautiful and good (aesthetics)? Behavior, character, civility, and appreciation and expression

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Logic

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asks: How can we reason? How we organize and structure courses, lessons, and units

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Idealism

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Metaphysics: Reality is spiritual or mental and unchanging Epistemology: Knowing is the intuitive recall of ideas present in the mind Axiology: Values are universal, absolute, and eternal Edu. Implications: A subject-matter curriculum emphasizes the culture's great and enduring ideas Proponents: Emerson, Froebel, Hegel, and Plato

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Realism

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Meta.: Reality is objective and exists independently of us, but we can know it Episte.: Knowing consists of conceptualization based on sensation and abstraction Axi.: Values are absolute and eternal, based on universal natural laws Edu. Implications: A subject-matter curriculum emphasizes the arts, humanities, and sciences Proponents: Aquinas, Aristotle, Boudy, Maritain, Pestalozzi

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Pragmatism (experimentalism)

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Mega.: Rejects metaphysics, asserting that hypotheses about reality are based on experience, the individual's interaction with a changing environment Episte.: Knowing results from experiencing testing ideas by acting on them, and using the scientific method Axi.: Value are situational and culturally relative Edu. Implications: Instruction that uses the scientific method to solve problems Proponents: Childs, Dewey, James, and Peirce

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Existentialism

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Meta.: Discounts metaphysics, arguing that our beliefs about reality are subjective, with existence preceding essence Episte.: Our knowing comes from making personal choices Axi.: Values are to be freely chosen by the person Edu. Implications: Classroom dialogues to stimulate awareness that each person creates a self-concept through significant choices Proponents: Kierkegaard, Sarte, Marcel, Morris

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Postmodernism

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Meta: Rejects metaphysics as a historical construction used for socioeconomic domonation Episte.: Deconstructs texts (canons) to find their origin and use by dominant groups and classes Axi.: Emphasizes the values of marginalized persons and groups Edu. Implications: Schools are sites of democratic criticism and social change to empower dominated groups Proponents: Derrida, and Foucault

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Deductive Logic

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The process of thinking by which consequences or applications are drawn out of general principles or assumptions; the process of thought in which conclusions follow from premises

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Inductive Logic

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The process of reasoning from particulars to generalities, from the parts to the whole, and from the individual to the general. It is the basis of the scientific method, emphasized by Dewey and the pragmatics.

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Macrocosm

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Refers to the universal mind, the first cause, creator, or God.

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Microcosm

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The personal mind or spirit ,limited and lesser self but nevertheless spiritual and intellectual like the great being of which it is a part

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Socratic Method

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An educational method attributed to the Greek philosopher Socrates by which the teacher encourages the student's discovery of truth by asking leading and stimulating questions

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Perennialism

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Aim: To transmit universal and enduring truth and values Curriculum: Fundamental skills, the liberal arts and sciences, the great books of Western Civ Edu. Implications: Instruction that features transmission, discussion, and reflection on enduring truths and values Proponents: Hutchins, Adler, and Maritain

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Essentialism

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Aim: To develop basic skills of literacy and numeracy and subject-matter knowledge Curriculum: Basic skills, essential subject matter-history, math, language, science, computer literacy Edu. Implications: To prepare competent and skilled individuals for the competitive global economy Proponents: Bagley and Bestor

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Progessivism

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Aim: To educate individuals according to their interests and needs Curriculum: Activities and projects Edu. Implications: Instruction that features problem solving and collaborative learnings; teacher acts as a facilitator Proponents: Dewey, Kilpatrick, Parker, and Johnson

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Critical Theory

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Aim: To raise consciousness about issues of marginalization and empowerment Curriculum: Auobiographies of oppressed peoples Edu. Implications: Focus on social conflicts, empowerment, and social justice Proponents: McLaren and Giroux

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Local School Board

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A body of citizens, either appointed or elected, who set policy regarding schools in a local school district

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The Powers and Responsibilities of school boards

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1. Policy 2.Staffing 3. Employee Relations 4. Fiscal Matters 5. Students 6. Curriculum and Assessment 7.Community Relations 8. Intergovernmental Requirements

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Superintendent of Schools

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The chief executive officer of the local school district who implements policies adopted by the school board. Assisted by a central office staff. Duties: 1.Management of professional and nonteaching personnel 2. Leadership in curriculum, instruction, and assessment 3. Administrative management

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Principal

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The chief administrative officer of the school, responsible for school operation

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Community Participation

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Citizen advisory committees at either the local school or school board level

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Charter Schools

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A public school governed by a community group granted a special contract (charter) by the state or the local school board. Charter schools often form to offer the educational alternatives unavailable in regular public schools

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Community Schools

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When a school is seen as only one of the education agencies within the community, and the school serves as a perter, or coordinating agency, in providing educational, health, social, family support, recreational, and cultural activities to the community

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Arguments FOR charter schools

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1. Provide an alternative vision of schooling not realized in the traditional public school system 2. Increased autonomy from state and local school district regulations 3. Special populations of students may be served 4. Students, teachers, parents participate by choice and are committed to making the school work 5. Generally smaller and more management 6. Increased parental involvement and overall communication

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Arguments AGAINST charter schools

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1. Accountability goals are frequently not spelled out,leading to confusion 2. State and federal regulations still apply and restrain their independence 3. Inadequate funding for startup and operating expenses, especially when serving special populations that require high expenditure 4. Difficulty finding staff, high teacher attrition 5. Tend to take more talented students and ignore the more challenging ones 6. Insufficient planning time for school boards, principals, and staff makes for managESAement and communication problems later on

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Consolidation

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The combining of small or rural school districts into larger ones

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Why do schools consolidate?

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Size-larger school districts permit broader, more rigorous curriculum and more specialized teachers Services-justify hiring counselors, ass. principals, and team leaders Economics-efficiency of scale where purchasing decisions should yield significant cost savings when ordering in bulk. Permits older buildings to be retired at considerable cost savings. Redundant high-salaried office positions may be cut

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Intermediate unit/ Regional educational service agency (RESA)

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an educational unit or agency in the middle position between the state dept of education and the local school district; usually created by the state to provide supplementary services and support staff to local school districts

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Responsibility of the state

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1.Enact legislation 2.Determine state school taxes and financial aide 3.Set min. standards for training and recruiting personnel 4.Develop state curriculum standards 5.Est. assessment requirements 6.Make provisions for accrediting schools 7. Provide special services such as transportation and textbooks

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State School Code

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A collection of state laws that establish ways and means of operating schools and conducting education

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State Board of Education

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The most influential state education agency that advises the state legislature and establishes policies for implementing legislative acts related to education

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State Department of Education

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An agency that operates under the direction of the state board of education. Its functions include accrediting schools, cert. teachers, apportioning state school funds, conducting research, issuing reports, and coordinating state edu policies with local school districts

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Chief State School Officer

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the chief executive of the state board of education, sometimes called the state superintendent or commissioner of education

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US Department of Education

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Founded in 1867, it is the primary federal educational agency. 1.Administering grant funds and contracting with state departments of education, school district, and colleges/universities 2.Educational innovation and research 3.Providing leadership, consultative, and clearinghouse services related to education

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No Child Left Behind Act (because here in Merica we encourage mediocrity which is judged by someone's ability to use graph paper and do math stuffs, and if our kids fail you get fired. Capitalism Yeehaw!)

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Passed during the Bush administration, NCLB sought to improve low performing school sand to hold states and local school districts accountable for students meeting high standards as measured by annual performance tests in reading and mathematics. It gave more influence over education to the federal government

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The governance of education is divided into what four levels?

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local, intermediate, state, and federal

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Approximately how many public school districts operate in the US?

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13,800

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The debate about the optimum size for schools and school districts

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Many believe that increases in size do not necessarily mean increases in efficiency or effectiveness and might result in the opposite

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What two states do not have state BoE?

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Wisconsin and Minnesota

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Nonpublic schools account for what percent of total enrollment in the US?

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10% Of this percentage, 39% are Catholic schools and 23% are religiously unaffiliated

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