Earth Structure and materials

Have used two main types of evidence to learn about Earth interior: direct evidence from rock sample and indirect evidence

When earthquakes occur they produce …….

crust,the mantle,and core

results from a force pressing on an area *The deeper down inside Earth,the greater pressure.

the layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin*The crust is a layer of sold rock that includes both dryland and the ocean floor.

is a dark fine-grained rock

a rock that usually is light color and has coarse grains * Both granite and basalt have more oxygen and silicon than any other element

is made of rock that is very hot,but solid.Scientist divide the mantle into layers based on physical characteristics of those layers.Overall, the mantle is 3,000 Kilometer thick.

Geologists often group the crust and uppermost mantle into single layer called the lithosphere

As a result,the part of the mantle just beneath the lithosphere is less rigid than the rock above.Over thousands of years this part of the mantle can bend like a metal spoon. But it’s still solid .If you kicked it,you would stub your toe.This soft layer is called the asthenosphere.

Beneath the asthenosphere, the mantle is hot but more rigid.The stiffness ofvthe mesosphere is the result of increasingly high pressure This layer includes a region called the transition zone,which lies just beneath the asthenosphere.It also includes thr lower mantle,which extends down to Earth’s core.

is made mostly of the metals iron and nickel.It consists of two parts -a dense ,liquid outer core and a dense solid inner core.*The total radius of the core is 3,480 kilometers .Earth core occupies the center of the planet.

layer of molten metal surrounding the inner core*The outer core is 2,258 kilometers thick

is a dense ball of solid metal. In the inner core ,extreme pressure squeezes the atoms of iron and nickel so much that they cannot spread out to become liquid.

are approximately 20 minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust

Most rocks are made up of particles of minerals or other rocks.Geologists call grains

is the look and feel of a rock’s surface To describe the texture of a rock,geologists use terms that are based on size, shape, and pattern of grains

Geologists classify rocks into three major groups : Igneous ,sedimentary,and metamorphic rock.

forms from the cooling of molten material called magma or lava.Magma hardens underground to form rock .Lava erupts ,cools and hardens to form rock on earth Earth’s surface.

forms when small particles of rocks or the remains of plants and animal pressed and cemented togethor.Sedimentary rock form in layers that are buried below the surface.It is classified into three main groups

forms when a rock is changed by heat and pressure ,or by chemical reactions .Most metamorphic rock form deep underground

classified by their origin ,texture,and mineral composition

is igneous rock that formed when lava that erupted into Earth’s surface.Basalt is the most common extrusive rock. It has small crystals

Igneous rock that formed when magma hardened beneath the surface of earth *The most abundant type of intrusive rock in continental crust is granite.Granite forms tens of kilometers below Earth’s surface and over hundreds of thousands of years or longer

is a fined-grained, extrusive igneous rock with composition that is similar to granite

A very course-grained, intrusive igneous rock

has large cystals surrounded by small crystals

Any rock that forms from another rock as a result of changes in heat or pressure (or both heat and pressure) is a metamorphic rock.

molten rock inside of earth inside the earth

molten rock on the surface of the earth

basalt,granite,grabbo (intrusive) pumice,scoria,obsidan (extrusive

dertrital sedimentary rocks: made from sediments snd grains of minerals of different sizes that have been deposited,and compacted togethor.ex: sandstones, conglomerate, shale

form when water in which minerals are dissolved evaporates,and the mineral grains are cemented togethor.ex halite

form when water in which materials that come form once living organisms such as plants, fossils,and shells become cemented togethor .ex coal and limestone.

the minerals are arrange in bands. Also descibes the thin,flat layering found in most metamorphic rocks.For instance, cystals in granite can be flattened to create the foliated texture of gneiss.Slate is also common foliated rock.

the minerals are NOT arrange in bands ,they are scattered

marble,schrist,slate

is a diagram that shows all processes of how one type of rock may be changed into another. Also the processes of the rock cycle form a pattern of pathways.These pathways results from weathering and erosion,deposition ,earthquakes and volcanic activity,tremendous heat and pressure,and melting

Igeneous

produces sediments

Produces sedimentary rocks

Produces metamorphic rocks

Heat transfer by the movement of a fluid.

The transfer of energy that is carried in rays like light

Heat transfer between materials that are touching

is a measure of how much mass there is in a given substance.For an example,most rock is more dense than water because a given volume of rock has more mass than the same volume of water.

The flow that transfers heat within a fluid .Also heating and cooling of a fluid,changes in fluid’s density,and the force of gravity combine to set convection current in motion

Heat from the core and the mantle itself causes convection currents in the mantle

small solid pieces of material that come from rocks or living things.*Most sedimentary rocks are formed through a sequenceof processes: weathering,erosion,deposition,compaction, and cementation

The effects of freezing and thawing,plant roots,acid,and other forces on rock.

The process by which ruuning water,wing,or ice carry away bits of broken-up rock.

The process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it

The process that presses sediments togethor

The process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment togethor

Clastic rocks, organic rocks, and chemical rocks.

sedimentary rock formed when rock fragments are squeezed togethor.The fragments can range in size from clay particles that are too small to be seen without a microscope to large,heavy boulders

where the remains of plants and animal are deposited in layers.

People have used sedimentary rock throughout history for many diferent purposes,including,for tools and building materials.

Asthenosphere

Conduction

The mantle and the outer core.

Sedimentary Rock

Intrusive

Mineral composition

the ocean

Rock fragments

Melting

Weathering and erosion

Melting and volcanic activity

Magma cools quickly on Earths’s surface

Pressure and temperature increases

False,Nickel

False,outer

False basalt

True

True

False crust

Mantle

Crust,mantle,core

Hot but solid rock

lithosphere

From warmer to a cooler object

By radiation

Mantle and core

Heating and cooling of a fluid

Convection

Faster

More

Conduction

Radiaton

Density

20

Crystals

Metamorphic

texture

true

False, grains

true

grains

banded

True

arrangements

true

smaller

Hard and dense

Basalt

Marble

From slowly cooling lava

Clastic

Sedimentary

Erosion

Compaction

Sediments

size

weathering

chemical rock

coal

Cementation

cycle

magma

heat

deposition

weathering

true

true

false and

True

melting

False, Intrusive

False, Foliated

Coarse