Earth Science SOL Review – Flashcards

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This equals the mass of an objects * its volume. The unit for this is g/mL.
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Density
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How do you find the volume for an irregular object?
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Water Displacement
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This type of air/water/magma rises because it's less dense
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Warm
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This type of air/water/magma sinks because it's more dense
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Cold
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What else increases when density increases?
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Pressure
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What is the density of liquid water?
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1g/mL
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This form of water is the most dense
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Liquid
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A prediction about a problem that can be tested
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Hypothesis
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A changeable factor in an experiment
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Variable
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Factors that are the same throughout an experiment
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Constants
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True or False, there an be more than one explanation for any phenomena?
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True
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This type of variable is the one that YOU change
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Independent Variable
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This type of variable is the result of the manipulation of the IV
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Dependent Variable
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The part of an experiment where there's no manipulation of the IV (ex. the blank cereal box)
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Control
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Lines that go east-west, but measure north and south of the Equator
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Latitude
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Lines that go north-south, but measure east and west of the Prime Meridian
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Longitude
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True or False, when finding the coordinates of a location, the longitude is first and the latitude is second?
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False
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The closer the contour lines, the ____ the slope.
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Steeper
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Contour lines form V's and point in this direction when there are rivers and creeks present
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Upstream
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The increase in elevation between two adjacent contour lines
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Contour Interval
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This is found in nature, is inorganic, solid, and has a definite chemical composition and structure
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Mineral
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Mineral properties depend on this type of structure
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Atomic
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A way to identify a mineral; it tells us what can scratch the mineral
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Hardness
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The least efficient way to identify a mineral is by it's...
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Color
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The shine of a mineral
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Luster
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The color of the powder in a mineral
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Streak
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This is made of one or more minerals
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Rock
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The most abundant group of minerals that contain silicon and oxygen
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Silicates
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These type of rocks are produced by the cooling of magma or lava and are classified by composition and texture
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Igneous
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Fast cooling rocks with small, fine-grained mineral grains, glassy, air holes present (ex. pumice, basalt, obsidian)
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Extrusive
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Slow cooling rocks with coarse or large mineral grains
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Intrusive
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This type of rock is formed by heat and pressure or chemical action
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Metamorphic
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These metamorphic rocks have banded layers
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Foliated
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These metamorphic rocks do not have banded layers
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Non-Foliated
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This type of rock is formed from rock fragments, organic material, or chemical precipitation
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Sedimentary
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Fossils are found in this type of rock
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Sedimentary
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This type of rock can be classified into three groups, clastic, organic, and chemical
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Sedimentary
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This rock is formed both chemically and organically
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Limestone
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This type of rock is made of fragments (ex. conglomerate, sandstone, shale)
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Clastic
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Coal, oil, and mineral are all these type of resources
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Non-Renewable
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This part of the Earth is made up of the crust and upper mantle
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Lithosphere
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This part of the Earth is made up of the lower mantle
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Asthenosphere
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This crust is thinner, younger, and denser than continental crust
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Ocean
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This crust is thicker, older, and less dense of oceanic crust
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Continental
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This plate will always sink under a continental plate because it's more dense
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Ocean
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These move tectonic plates
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Convection Currents
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Colliding plates which cause folded or thrust faulted mountains, subduction zones (volcanoes & trenches), and reverse faults. It involves compression.
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Convergent Boundaries
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Folded and thrust-faulted mountains are features of these convergent boundary type of zones
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Collision Zones
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Volcanoes and trenches are features of these convergent boundary type of zones
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Subduction Zones
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Dividing plates which cause sea-floor spreading, mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, and volcanoes.
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Divergent Boundaries
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These slide past each other and produce strike slip faults and earthquakes
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Transform Boundaries
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Wave-like forms made of horizontally compressed rocks; commonly occurs during continental collisions
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Folds
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What type of mountains are the Appalachians?
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Folded
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A break or crack in the Earth's crust where the tectonic plate movement has occurred
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Fault
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How many seismic stations are needed to find the epicenter of an earthquake?
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3
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Which waves travel the fastest and reach the seismic station first?
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P Waves
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Which waves are the second to reach the seismic station and can not travel through liquids?
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S Waves
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Which waves are the last to reach the seismic station?
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L Waves
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____ activity is associated with subduction, rifting, or sea floor spreading, and hot spots.
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Volcanic
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These types of volcanoes form steep sided mountains and have violent eruptions
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Cinder Cones
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These types of volcanoes form low sloping and broad mountains where the eruptions are generally considered quiet and oozing
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Shield Volcanoes
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These types of volcanoes are a combination of cinder cones and shield volcanoes in their actions. They alternately erupt violently and quietly forming layers that show evidence of the varying eruption types
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Composite Volcanoes
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The process of rocks breaking down chemically and physically by water, air, and organisms
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Weathering
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This type of weathering alters the chemical makeup of a rock and occurs in warm, humid climates
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Chemical Weathering
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This type of weathering alters the physical look of a rock and occurs in cold climates
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Mechanical Weathering
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When a rock with a crack in it gets filled with water, which freezes, expands the rock, and then melts
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Frost Wedging
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The process of Earth's materials being transported by moving water, ice, or wind
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Erosion
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What causes erosion?
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Gravity
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Streams and moving water are the major agents of ____.
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Erosion
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The process of Earth's materials being carried by wind, water, or ice and settling out and being deposited
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Deposition
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True or false, smaller particles settle out first?
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False
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The ability for water to move through soil
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Permeability
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Loose rock fragments and clay derived from weathered rock mixed with organic material
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Soil
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An area with caves and sinkholes
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Karst Topography
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What rock is dissolved by acidid groundwater forming caves?
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Limestone
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The amount of space between the soil where the water will move
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Porosity
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True or False, water does not pass through impermeable materials?
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True
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This is formed when more water is being used up than being replenished
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Cone of Depression
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This is a layer of permeable rock that transports groundwater freely and is confined between 2 impermeable rock layers
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Aquifer
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This area is where the water table reaches the land's surface
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Spring
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True or False, ores are not useful and profitable?
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False
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What state has resources including limestone, gravel, and coal?
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Virginia
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Resources that can be replaced by nature at a rate close to the rate at which they are used (ex. vegetation, sunlight, surface water)
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Renewable Resources
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Resources that are renewed very slowly or not at all (ex. coal, oil, minerals)
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Non-Renewable Resources
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This is the remains, impressions, or other evidence of a former existence of life preserved in a rock
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Fossil
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What type of fossils are mostly found in Virginia?
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Marine Organisms
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This is used to find the ages of human artifacts or things that were once living
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Carbon-14
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How old is planet Earth?
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4.6 Billion Years
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What are the 5 physiographic provinces of Virginia?
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Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, and the Appalachian Plateau
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This VA region is the flattest
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Coastal Plain
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This VA region is an are of rolling hills, igneous and metamorphic rocks
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Piedmont
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This VA region is a high region separating the Piedmont from the Valley and Ridge regions; it has some of the oldest rocks in the state
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Blue Ridge
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This VA region has long parallel ridges and valleys composed of folded and faulted rocks that occurred during the collision of Africa and North American during the Paleozoic Era.
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Valley and Ridge
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This VA region has rugged, irregular topography and is underlain by ancient, flat-lying sedimentary rocks; most of VA's coal is found here
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Appalachian Plateau
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How many high and low tides occur each day?
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2
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The daily periodic rise and fall of water level caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and the moon
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Tide
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Do currents run from warm to cold or cold to warm areas?
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Cold to Warm
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This brings cold, nutrient rich water from the bottom of the ocean to the surface
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Upwelling
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These places are where salt water mixes with fresh water; it's a partially enclosed body of water with open access to the sea or ocean (ex. Chesapeake Bay)
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Estuaries
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What bacteria was responsible for the first oxygen on Earth?
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Cyanobacteria
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These are in the ocean and are generated by wind
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Waves
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Continental shelves, slopes, abyssal plains, and seamounts can all be found in ____.
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Oceans
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What planet has an atmosphere that is 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and 1% trace gases?
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Earth
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What planet has an atmosphere of mostly carbon dioxide and is very dense?
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Venus
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What planet has an atmosphere that is very thin and is mostly carbon dioxide?
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Mars
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This effect is caused by high CO2 levels.
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Greenhouse Effect
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The transfer of energy from the Sun to the Earth in the form of electromagnetic waves
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Radiation
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The transfer of energy through direct contact
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Conduction
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The transfer of energy through the flow of a heated material and is a major cause of weather in the atmosphere
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Convection
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These form when the air is at or below the dew point and condensation nuclei are present
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Clouds
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This effect causes deflections of the atmosphere and oceans due to the rotation of the Earth
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Coriolis Effect
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This measures humidity
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Psychrometer
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This measures air pressure
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Barometer
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This measures temperature
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Thermometer
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This measures wind speed
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Anemometer
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These are formed due to unequal heating of the atmosphere that causes air pressure differences; they move from high to low pressure areas
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Winds
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these fronts move quickly and produce rain at the front
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Cold Fronts
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These fronts move slow and produce many clouds and long periods of gentle rain
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Warm Fronts
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the typical weather patterns for a given location over a period of many years
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climate
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this climate is cold
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Polar
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This climate is enjoyable
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Temperate
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this climate is hot
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Tropical
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a narrow violent funnel shaped column of spiral winds that extends downward
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Tornado
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a tropical cyclone characterized by winds of 120 km/hr or greater
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Hurricane
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this theory explains that the planets formed from the condensing of our sun or solar nebulae
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Solar Nebulae theory
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What's life cycle consists of nebulae, yellow main sequence star, red giant, white dwarf, and black dwarf?
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Sun
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What kinds of star is the Sun?
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Yellow Main Sequence
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These are the death stage of stars
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Black Holes
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We are located in this, spiral galaxy
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Milky Way
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this telescope has improved our knowledge of the Universe
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Hubble space telescope
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the reason the universe is parting from us
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red shift
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the theory that once the entire universe was stuck together and then exploded creating what we have today
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the big bang theory
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June 21st is what solstice?
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summer solstice
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Dec 21st is what solstice?
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winter solstice
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when the sun is at its most northern or southern point
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solstice
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occur when the sun is directly above the equator
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equinoxes
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the earth rotates in what direction?
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W to E
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does the earth revolve around the sun CW or CCW?
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CCW
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what is the order of the planets?
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Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
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a belt of asteroids between mars and jupiter
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Asteroid Belt
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these planets are small, solid, rocky, dense, have fast orbits, and a small # of moons (ex. mercury, venus, earth, mars)
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Inner
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these plants are big, gassy, have rings, and lots of moons (ex. jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune)
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Outer
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there orbit the sun and are mainly frozen gas; dirty snowballs
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Comets
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why does a comet's tail point away from the sun?
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Solar wind
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rock/metallic iron objects in space
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Asteroids
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when the moon blocks out the sun from reaching the earth
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Solar Eclipses
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when the earth blocks out the sun from reaching the moon
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Lunar eclipses
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the sun consists mainly of this gas
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Hydrogen Gas
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the sun's energy comes from this of hydrogen to helium
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nuclear fusion
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these are formed by the condensation of interstellar gas
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stars
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this diagram shows the relationship of stars being hot, dim, bright, and cool
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the h-r diagram
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this type of galaxy is our galaxy, the milky way
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spiral
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this type of galaxy is basically one, huge shape
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elliptical
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this type of galaxy is some small oval shapes
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irregular
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