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geology

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Study of Earth

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oceanography

answer

Study of Earth's oceans

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meteorology

answer

science dealing with the atmosphere and weather

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astronomy

answer

Study of the universe

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crust

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Earth's outermost layer.

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mantle

answer

the layer of the earth between the crust and the core

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inner core

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..., A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth

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asthenosphere

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..., A subdivision of the mantle situated below the lithosphere. This zone of weak material exists below a depth of about 100 kilometers and in some regions extends as deep as 700 kilometers. The rock within this zone is easily deformed.

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lithosphere

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..., A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.

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parallels

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=latitude

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meridians

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=longitude

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degrees

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..., a unit for measuring angles

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minutes

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..., MINUTES

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seconds

answer

..., SI unit for time

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mercator

answer

..., A map projection that fairly accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of land masses.

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gnomonic

answer

..., Projects points from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches a globe at a point

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conic

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..., Map that is highly accurate for small areas, made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.

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ploy conic

answer

...

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contour lines

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..., lines that connect points of equal elevation

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contour intervals

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..., The difference in elevation from one contour line to the next.

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contour index

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..., The heaviest contour line indicating elevation

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scale

answer

...

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legend

answer

..., A key that identifies each of the data series in a chart.

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hypothesis

answer

..., A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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theory

answer

..., A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

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scientific method

answer

..., A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions

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hydrosphere

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..., All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans

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geosphere

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..., the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle

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atmosphere

answer

..., Layers of air surrounding the earth.

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biosphere

answer

..., Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

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convergent

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...a boundary where the plates are moving CLOSER to each other

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divergent

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..., A boundary where the plates are moving AWAY from each other.

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transform

answer

...

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constructive force

answer

..., a force that builds up mountains and landmasses on Earth's surface

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destructive force

answer

..., A force that slowly wears away mountains and other features on the surface of Earth.

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sources of energy

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..., fossil fuel, nuclear, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, solar, hydrogen, coal, oil

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resources

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..., A source or supply or support

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population

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A group of organisms of the same species populating a given area

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pollution

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..., Addition of more waste than a resource can accommodate.

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atoms

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..., Building blocks of matter

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elements

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..., A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions.

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ions

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..., Atoms that gain or lose electrons

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periodic table

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..., A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties

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isotopes

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..., Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

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compounds

answer

..., 2 or more elements chemically combined

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ionic

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..., Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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covalent

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..., A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

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metallic

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..., A bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them

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magma

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..., A molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle

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precipitation

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..., Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.

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pressure

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..., Force per unit area.

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temperature

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..., A measure of how hot or cold something is.

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hydrothermal

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..., an area where ocean water sinks through cracks in the ocean floor, is heated by the underlying magma, and rises again through the cracks

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silicates

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..., Contain silicon and oxygen

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carbonates

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..., A group of minerals. Most common after silicates that contains carbon.

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oxides

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Compounds that contain oxygen and an element other than silicon

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sulfides

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A group of minerals. Contains sulfur.

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halides

answer

A binary compound of a halogen with another element or group.

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native elements

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A mineral that is composed of only one element.

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outer core

answer

A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth

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stages of coal

answer

Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite

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coal

answer

(n.) a combination, union, or merger for some specific purpose

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petroleum

answer

a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons

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natural gas

answer

A fossil fuel in the gaseous state

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tar sands

answer

rock or sand layers that contain oil

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oil shale

answer

a soft, fine-grained sedimentary rock from which oil and natural gas are obtained.

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mineral resources

answer

inorganic substances that were formed by earth's geological processes; oil, natural gas, salt, sulphur and lignite

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igneous processes

answer

produce deposits of metallic minerals, magma cools, heavy minerals crystallize and sink to bottom

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hydrothermal solutions

answer

the hot, watery solution that escapes from a mass of magma during the later stages of crystallization

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placer deposits

answer

concentration of metals in areas where water is less turbulent or slower-moving

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industrial minerals

answer

aggregate, marble, limestone, clay,

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building materials

answer

(wood, brick, stone, wattle, grass & brush) houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area.

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point source pollution

answer

Pollutants discharged from a single identifiable location: factory pipes, leaking land fill or storage tank

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non-point source pollution

answer

water pollution that does not have a specific point of origin: waste from streets,construction sites or pesticides off farm fields and lawns

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runoff

answer

water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground

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pollution in the air

answer

coal or oil burning power plant, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, soot, smog, sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides creates acid rain

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global warming

answer

PRODUCED BY INCREASING OF GREENHOUSE GASES (CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANE & OZONE) IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

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Chlorofluorocarbons CFC's

answer

An organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. Also discussed in this topic are the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which contain hydrogen in addition to carbon, chlorine, and fluorine.

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damage to land

answer

soil erosion, mining, agriculture, deforestation, and waste disposal.

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mining

answer

Extracting ore or minerals from the ground

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irrigation

answer

A way of supplying water to an area of land that does not have a lot of water

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deforestation

answer

Destruction of forest; cutting down trees results in loss of top soil

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disposal sites

answer

sanitary landfills

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solar energy

answer

Energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy. - advantages:the "Fuel" is free, non-polluting -drawbacks: equipment and installation is vary expensive, supplement heating unit is needed for cloudy days, fragile equipment

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nuclear energy

answer

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

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nuclear fission

answer

A nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy

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wind turbines

answer

rotating machine that converts kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy

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hydroelectric power

answer

Electricity generated by flowing water: Hover Dam, Niagara Falls

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geothermal energy

answer

Energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth, Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks: harnessed by tapping natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water

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tidal power

answer

Electricity generated by the movement of sea water caused by the tides

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conservation

answer

Careful use of Earth's resources.

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clean air act

answer

1970s congress passed the Clean Air Act, nation's most important air pollution law: 6 "criteria' pollutants known to cause health problems - carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and fine particles

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clean water act

answer

1972 congress passed the Clean Water Act this limited points source pollutin

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compost

answer

a mixture of decaying vegetation and manure

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recycling

answer

Convert waste into reusable material.

Earth Science Midterm Study Guide Ch. 1-4 – Flashcards

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