Earth Science Exam 1 – Flashcards

Sun

Oceans

Temperature

Both will increase

heavy particles that move along the bottom of the stream

cut off

cut bank

deltas

natural leevees

nonstructural approach

pumping groundwater for irrigation

Stalactites form on the roof of a cave from the deposition of calcium carbonate by dripping water.

Magma is molten rock beneath Earth's surface; lava is molten rock at Earth's surface.

olivine and quartz

Slow cooling produces larger crystals; quick cooling produces smaller crystals.

Chemical sedimentary rocks form from broken pieces derived from other rocks.

Chemical sedimentary rocks form from the precipitation of minerals from dissolved substances

compaction and cementation

heat and pressure

foliation

coal

oil, soal, natural gas

naturally occuring solid

electrons, nuetrons, protons

Electrons are transferred to form positively and negatively charged atoms.

The bonded atoms become more stable, The total energy of the bonded atoms decreases.

Metals can be drawn into thin wires. Metals are good conductors of electricity. Metals can be hammered into thin sheets.

Diamonds because they rank the highest on Mohs' hardness scale, so they will scratch all other minerals and will not distinguish the range of mineral hardness values below 10

8

coal, oil, and natural gas

when it contains at least one metallic mineral in sufficient amounts to be extracted profitably, when it contains fluorite or sulfur minerals in sufficient amounts to be extracted profitably

earth science

study of earth

naturally occuring, composed of elements, generally inorganic, orderly crystalline structure, definitive composition with little variation

rocks are any solid mass of mineral, most rocks are aggregates of several different minerals

number of protons in nucleus of the atom

equal to the pros and neus

transfer to change charge

share!!

multiple together

as pure as it can be

fractures are from even/equal bonds, and cleavage is from uneven

1. crystal shape 2. visual props 3. strength 4. density

cooling and solidification of magma or lava

molten rock UNDER the surface (magma is above)

if it cools fast, there will be smaller crystals, if it cools slow there are large ones. if its very fast, then it gets a glassy texture (obsidian glass for example)

have tetrahedron structure

mineraloid

elements build minerals, minerals build rock

extrusive is above ground, magma turns into this, and it cools faster then instrusive!

series of which different minerals crystallize at different temps depending on the elements its composed of

when elemetns are crystallized they become more dense, so they sink. the elements then slightly layer as they crystallize at different times

lighter color, feldspar and silica

darker color, contains more iron,

rocks made up of smaller fragments

rocks made up of chemical precipitates of a solution

form from skeleton of once-living organisms

Compaction and cementation

pressure the squishes water out and layerss

glueing elements together

converting sediments to sedimentary rock

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

metamorphic rock texture that causes bans because of differential pressure

metamorphic rock texture that has layers because of equal pressure

sediment (weathered products) goes through lithification

derived from material that was once in solution and precipitates to form sediment, classified by chemical composition

strata is important because it traces prehistoric life and past environments, used as time inficators

breakdown /decomposition of material at or near the surface

transfer of rock materials down a slope under the influence of gravity

incorporation and transportation of material by mobile agent (water, wind, ice)

mechanical- physical breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces chemical- chemical transformation of rock into one or more new compounds, alters the structure of minerals by removing or adding elements (think of water)

frost wedging- water expanding when frozen sheeting- creating onion like layers and exfoliating domes

Weathering is the process where rocks are worn away or broken down into smaller pieces by wind ,water or plants etc. Erosion happens when these broken rocks and sediments are picked up & moved to another place by ice, water or wind.

rock characteristics and weather affect the rate of weathering because after the rocks are broken down into smaller pieces from mechanical weathering, the amount of surface area that is exposed to chemical area is increased

1. mineral matter 2. water 3. air (sand, silt, clay) (loam is a mixture of all 3)

downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under influence of gravity

saturation of material with water, oversteeping of slopes, removal of anchoring vegetation, and vibrations from earthquakes

slump- jenga blocks moving rockslide-cracks occur then rocks slide down debri flow-rapid flow of debri with water (mudslide) earth flow- when water saturates the soil, molecules cant interact

creep- slow movement of soil and regolith, causes things to tilt solificlution- upper soil layer becomes saturated with water and slowly flows over a frozen surface below

water moving from high elevation to low elevation

plants get hot and release water

from gas to water

from water to gas

from solid to gas (snow to water vapor)

gas to solid (water vapor to ice or snow)

movement into groundwater

NOOOOO theres like 98 percent of salt water, which doesnt leave us much!

precipitation, evaporation, run off

1. dendritic- tree like 2. rectangular- like pipe game 3. trellis- mixture of dendritic and rectangular 4. radial- water goes around something, like volcano

slope- decrease roughness- decrese ------------------------ discharge- increase channel size-increase water velocity- increase

dissolved- its dissolved suspended- are basically carried bed- move along the bottom bc theyre too heavy

velocity and volume of water that is flowing in a given area

capacity is how much it can hold, competence is how big of something it can hold

deltas, natural leevees (yazoo), and alluvial fans

bedrock, and alluvial (meandering, braided)

increase volume of water a channel can hold

store water and control how much goes out

altering stream flow to increase so it doesnt flood (artificial cut offs)

water in the ground, largest freshwater resorvoir for humans that has many geological roles

percentage of pore spaces, how much they can hold

transmit water through pores

impermeable layer

permeable layer