Earth in the universe – Flashcards
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A diagram that shows the Earth at the center of the solar system is known as a
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Geocentric model
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The characteristic of the gas giants decreases with the increasing distance from the sun?
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Equatorial diameter and number of moons
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What will happen to the relative amounts of hydrogen and helium in the sun over the next few billion year?
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Hydrogen will increase, and helium will decrease.
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For the sun to be stable, the inward and outward forces within the sun must be
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In equilibrium
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The parallax of a star is observed because
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The observer moved
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The apparent brightness of a star
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Is a measure of it's light viewed from any position
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A hot, bright star would appear in which section of an H-R diagram?
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Upper left corner
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All stars remain on the main sequence
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For about 90 percent of their lifetimes.
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What is a pulsar?
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A spinning neutron star
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Displacement is disallance combined with
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Direction
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The slope of the distance-time graph is equal to the
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Speed
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Acceleration is equal to
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change in speed divided by time
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Which is not a force?
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Momentum
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What force besides gravity acts on a projectile?
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Air resistance
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Which of the following represents Newton's second law?
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a = F/m
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A resting object exerts pressure equal to
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Its weight divided by its contact area
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The amount of water pressure you experience while swimming in a pool depends on
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Your buoyancy
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Which of the following is not true about Bernoulli's principle?
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The pressure within a moving fluid is greater than the pressure within a nonmoving fluid.
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work is the product of
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Force and distance
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Power is equal to work divided by
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Time
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How is the work output of a machine related to it's work input?
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It is always less
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An example of an object having elastic potential energy is
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A stretched string
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Mechanical energy is
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The sum of the kinetic and potential energy of an object
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The law of conservation of energy states that
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed
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To heat 1 g of water by 1 C requires
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1 calorie
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A blow dryer transfers thermal energy mainly by
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Convection
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All engines operate at less then 100 percent efficiency because they
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Emit heat
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which of the following is NOT true about mechanical waves?
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They transfer matter
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The height of a wave crest is called
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Amplitude
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when a wave bends around an obstacle it is called
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Diffraction
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electromagnetic waves
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Can travel through vacuum and outer space
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Light that vibrates in only one direction is
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Polarized
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A green object
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Reflects green light
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Static electricity is the study of
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Buildup of charge Electric discharges electric fields
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A material that easily carries current it called a
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Conductor
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What does Ohm's law state?
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Voltage equals currents times resistance
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If you cut a magnet in half you have
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Two magnets
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An iron bar is placed in a solenoid to
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Increase the magnetic field strength
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an electric generator converts
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Mechanical energy into electrical energy
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Most of the mass of the solar system us contained in
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The sun
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The process by which planetesimals combine with other planetesimals is called
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Accretion
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The sun produces most of its energy from
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Nuclear fusion
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Astronomers have learned about elements in stars by analyzing their
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absorption lines
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The lifetime of a star on the main sequence is determined by it's
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Mass
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All terrestrial planet have
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Rocky surfaces
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If a neutral metal comb is held near an object with a negative charge, the comb will become charged by
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Induction
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Which of the following materials allows charges to flow easily?
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Electrical conductor
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Resistance is affected by material's
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Thickness, length, and temperature.
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What is the difference in electrical potential energy between two places in an electric field?
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Potential difference
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What unit is wave frequency measured?
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hertz or cycles per second
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Which type of mechanical wave needs a source of energy to produce it?
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Transverse, longitudinal and surface waves
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Instantaneous speed is measured
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at a particular instant
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To what is amplitude related?
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The amount of energy carried by the wave and the maximum displacement from the rest position
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In refraction, when a wave travels from one medium to another, it
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Changes speeds
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A piano, violin, or guitar uses the resonance of a wooden soundboard to
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amplify the sound
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When a sound approaches you, the pitch you hear is
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higher than when the source is stationary.
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The part of the ear that send coded nerve signals to the brain is
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the inner ear
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Because light travels in a straight line and casts a shadow, Isaac Newton hypothesized that light is
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a stream of particles
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Photons travel outward form light bulb in
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All directions
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The visible light spectrum ranges between
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infrared rays and ultraviolet rays
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A translucent material
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scatters some light
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Polarized sunglasses work by
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blocking light waves that vibrate in one plan
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When droplets of water in the atmosphere act like prisms, the colors in sunlight undergo
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dispersion
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Blue light and yellow light combine to produce white light because
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They are complementary colors of light
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Light whose wave all have the same wavelength, direction and coincidental peaks is called
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coherent light
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An object that is accelerating may be
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slowing down gaining speed changing direction
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The forces acting on a falling leaf are
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gravity and resistance
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The property of matter that resists changes in motion is called
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inertia
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The pressure in the are of the bottle outside of the tube or inside the tube.
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Pressure is decreased in fluid that are moving faster
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The acceleration of an object is equal to the net force acting on a object divided by the objects mass
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...
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As a liquid is added to to a beaker the pressure exerted by the liquid is increased
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...
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The direction and length of a straight line from the starting point to the ending point of an object's motion is
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displacement
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Two or more velocities add by
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vector addition
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The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the
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fluid displaced by the object
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Why does a hot air balloon float
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The weight of the balloon is less than the weight of the air displaced by the balloon
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On what principle are hydraulic systems based
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Pascal's principle
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The centripetal force acting on satellite in orbit
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Acts as an unbalanced force on a satellite Changes the direction of the satellite is a center directed force
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Universal force that is effective over the longest distance is
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gravity
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If you were standing under the tree which object would appear to be moving
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the airplane
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How can you a machine make work easier for you?
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changing the direction of your force
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reducing friction in s machine
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increases it's efficiency
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A machine is classified as a compound machine if it
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is made up of two or more simple machines that operate together
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What is transferred by a force moving an object through a distance
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Energy
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Consequence of the equation E = mc2
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Energy is released when matter is destroyed. Mass and energy are equivalent. The law of conservation of energy must be modified to state that mass and energy are conserved in any process
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What property of an object related to the average kinetic energy of the particles in that object
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temperature
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Thermal energy depends on a object's
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Mass Phase Temperature
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The vacuum inside the Thermos bottle stops which type of thermal energy transfer to keep the liquid hot?
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Convection and conduction
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First law of thermodynamic apply
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Heating objects transferring thermal energy doing work on a system
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Consequence of the third law of thermodynamics is that
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heat engines have efficiency less than 100 percent
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A machine is a device that changes
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Force
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When a pole of vaulter flexes the pole the pole vaulter increases the pole's
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elastic potential energy
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Wind turbines convert
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Kinetic energy into electrical energy
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The increase in volume of a material due to a temperature increase is called
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Thermal expansion
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A mechanical wave can be defined by which of the following
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Carries energy from one place to another. Moves thought solids, liquids and gasses Created when a source of energy creates a vibration
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Setting off surface waves that travel at the boundary between the water and air
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In a transverse wave, wavelength is measured from crest to crest or from trough to trough
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If two waves collide and form temporary smaller wave the interference is destructive
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At the node of a standing wave there is no displacement
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...
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Decibel is used to compare mount intensities
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Half wavelengths that fit into the length of the string determines the
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frequency and pitch of the sound produced
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Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves
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...
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Combining equal amounts of the three primary pigments produces
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black
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/smoothly varying signals produced by continuously changing the voltage or current in circuit are
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Analog signals
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Momentum Formula
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P= M(mass) X V(velocity)
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Average speed formula
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average speed = total distance / total time
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Picture a ball traveling at a constant speed around the inside of a circular structure. Is the ball accelerating?
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The ball is accelerating because the speed in constant the only thing changing is the direction
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Acceleration equals
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Acceleration equals the final velocity minus the initial velocity divided by time
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The difference between velocity and speed
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Velocity has direction, magnitude and speed. Speed only has magnitude.
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The pressure exerted by a fluid at any given depth is exerted
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Equally in all direction
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Wind turbines convert
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Kinetic and mechanical energy into electrical energy
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Energy resources that exist in limited amount and once used cannot be replaced expect over the course of millions of years are called
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nonrenewable energy resources
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Wavelength formula
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λ=v ÷ f
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Which one is used to make images of bones? How are the other rays used?
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X ray are used to make images of bone. Gamma rays with highest frequencies wave is generated in nuclear reactions that treat and kill Cancer cells and tumors.
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What is common to all light sources?
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A common light sources are luminous and give off their own light
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A wave in a rope is a transverse wave, but a sound wave is a
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longitudinal wave
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Galvanometer
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Uses the electric current flowing through a wire sets up a magnetic field around the wire and it measures the exact electrical resistance
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What is a circuit breaker?
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A electrical switch designed to stop damage caused by an overload or short circuit
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All of the planets in the solar system have moons with the exception of the Mercury and Venus
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The large, irregular objects mostly located between Mars and Jupiter are _____.
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Asteroids
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What is at the center of the Heliocentric model of the solar system?
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The sun
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What is the shape of a planet's orbit around the sun called?
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Ecliptic Plane (nearly circullar and slightly ecliptical.)
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What 2 forces explain why the planets remain in motion around the sun?
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Inertia and Gravity
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Why does Earth's moon have no atmosphere?
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Because its gravity is too weak to hold gas molecules.
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How might a nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere on the moon affect the range of temperatures on the moon?
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It regulates temperature.
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How did the moon form?
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It formed after an enormous collision in Earth's history.
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Why are the 4 inner planets called terrestrial planets?
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Because they are similar in structure to Earth
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The characteristic of the inner planets that increase with distance from the sun is period of _____.
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Revolution
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Where are asteroids mainly found?
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In the Asteroid Belt.
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Ocean tides are the result of differences in both the _____ and the _____ gravitational pull.
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Moon; Sun's
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Which of the gas giants has the greatest diameter?
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Jupiter
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Comets are made mostly made of _____ and _____.
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Ice; Rock
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What is the wide belt of objects that extends beyond Pluto's orbit?
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Kuiper Belt
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According to the nebular theory, the solar system formed from what three things?
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Protoplanetary Disk, Planetesimals, Protoplanets
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What have scientists observed that supports the nebular theory?
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Evidence of planets forming around other stars, results of computer simulations.
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Two things of the gas giants that decrease as you go away from the sun are equatorial _____ and number of ____.
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Diameter; Moons
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Order of planets
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Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
