Outward

Classical

Dome

Shell

(1) Stability; (2) down the sides

Crenellations

Post-and-lintel

A structure made up of one or more triangular units, connected at the joints by long beams

Thick walls and wide base to support the weight of the structure

The shell and skeleton

This is an example of a vault, specifically a barrel vault. This type of construction is very stable because of its weight bearing capacity. Therefore the structure is likely to be long-lasting.

Letter A is an example of the Doric Order. Letter B is an example of the Corinthian Order. Letter C is an example of the Ionic Order.

A truss is a structure made up of one or more triangular units that are connected at the joints by long beams. The triangles of a truss structure keep the structure from sheering and collapsing. A suspension is a type of bridge where the main load-bearing elements are hung from suspension cables. The load is distributed to the cables, which continue beyond the structure. Both types of construction are most commonly used in bridge building.

The load-bearing element of an construction is the location where the weight and force rests. A typical load-bearing construction would have thick walls and a wide base, made of materials such as stones or bricks, which are stacked. The potential problem with load-bearing is that the stacked materials have a limit on the amount of weight they can hold, and therefore that puts limitations on the height a structure can be.

The Doric Order was the oldest and most stable because of its wider style that was not fluted or adorned. Its capital consisted of an abacus and a curved, trapezoidal echinus. The Ionic Order was much more slim and elegant than the Doric Order and had a more decorative capital with spiraled volutes atop the echinus. Finally, the Corinthian Order was the most slender with the most decorative capital, featuring smaller volutes and acanthus leaves

The shell is the exterior of the structure. The skeleton is the main interior support and is made of a sturdier material than the exterior

A post-and-lintel system uses vertical posts which are separated to support a horizontal beam. The main problem that can occur with a post-and-lintel system is cause by the weight is unevenly distributed and the center is unsupported, which can cause sagging over time. Stonehenge is an example of an ancient structure that used a post-and-lintel system

A dome is essentially a half sphere that improves the load bearing capacity of a ceiling piece. It is an arch that has been spun around on its verticle axis

Architecture is the art of building or constructing. An architect is a person who designs pieces of architecture. An architect must understand the technical skills of design and construction, as well as what is required to make a piece of architecture functional and/or aesthetically pleasing

This castle is built in a square form, with the sides cornered off. At the top, there is a platform for soldiers and guardsmen to stand on. Surrounding the platform is a type of wall construction known as crenellation. Crenellation is rectangular spaces cut out of the top of a wall. This provided spaces through which weapons could be fired during medieval times, when attacks from opposing kingdoms were common

Dome and arch structures

(1) Sides; (2) post-and-lintel

Cornice

A groin vault has two barrel vaults of the same diameter which cross or intersect one another

Rotunda

Barrel vault

Keystone

Architects are concerned only on the aesthetic appeal of architecture

Impost

Positioned so the Emperor could lead his men through the arch upon returning from a successful battle or war

A vault is an arched structure that springs from a cornice, which is supported by both a solid wall and four columns. The cornice is a set of projecting moldings that crown the top edge of a temple or building. Vaults provide increased space in the ceiling and create a self-formed roof for a building.

A pendentive is a curved triangular architectural element that transfers the weight from the dome to the supporting curve. It is important because the dome cannot hold all the weight and would likely collapse over time.

Corbel dome: This type of dome is made up of rotating corbel arches along a central axis. Tholos: A small circular dome structure. Rotunda: A round, cylinder structure, usually toped with a dome. It can also be called a library.

Impost: The part of an arch that projects slightly from the wall and the point where the arch springs from. Keystone: The top center stone in a round arch which holds the voussoirs in place. Voussoirs: The wedge shaped stone used in round arches.

The Romans were the first to use round arches. They were positioned so that when the Roman emperor returned from a successful battle, he could parade his men through the arch into the city.

A corbel arch is an arch carries the thrust of weight to its sides. It uses a post-and-lintel, in which the lintel supports all the weight above it. A corbel arch is unique because it is the oldest form of arch known in architecture.

The springing line is an imaginary line between where the curves of the arch begin on each side.

A: keystone B: voussoir C: impost

A) onion dome B) barrel vault C) rotunda dome D) corbel arch

A barrel vault comes from the extension of a round arch, similar to a long tube of arches. A groin vault has two barrel vaults of the same diameter which cross or intersect one another. A groin vault can span a broader, more varied space than a barrel vault. A groin vault can also be called a cross vault, since it is the crossing of barrel vaults.

Architectural talent and an eye for design

CATIA

Someone who translates the designers ideas into a finished image using drawing and drafting skills.

Architect

See how the room would look with various types of lighting.

Outdoor areas

CAD

CATIA

Because of computer design software, architects are no longer needed in architecture.

1. See details that could not be visible with drafting or modeling. 2. Simulate designs from structures created in the past. 3. Provide landscapers with an idea if how an outdoor area will look during each season.

This design was created by Frank Lloyd Wright. It is an example of a CAD. Wright used this image to see how the room would look in various lighting?

The first main function of computer design is to create images of future construction, with more complex designs. The second is to simulate what past building endeavors may have looked like, in order to rebuild a disintegrating structure or learn from past successes or mistakes in architecture and construction.

No. Computerized design hasn't replaced architects. Architectural artistic talent and an eye for design cannot be replaced with software, but instead these attributes are needed to use the software properly.

Answers may vary, but should be similar to the following: Landscapers use computerized design software to look at specific vegetation designs in different seasons and at different times of the day. It allows architects to see how the placement of objects and vegetation, along with the types of objects and vegetation used, affects the space and overall impression.

There are no limits to the designs a computer can create, however there may be limits to what can be constructed, depending on such circumstances as available materials, knowledge, location, etc.

The CATIA model is a computer aided 3-D Interaction Applications allows interactive visualization and collaboration over the web. CATIA stands for, Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application.

CAD is the abbreviation for Computer-Aided Design. It is a computer program that gives the architect opportunity to electronically plan and place elements of a building. The program adds exact details and dimensions, so the architect can see how the design will look from any angle.

A draftsman is someone who translates the designers ideas into a finished image using drawing and drafting skills. An architect is a licensed person who leads a team in the planning and design of a building or house.

Computer design replace handmade models. Models were both expensive and time consuming to create.

This design was created using CATIA. CATIA allows the architect to create a three dimensional image that can be traveled through via the computer, which allows the architect to see problems or areas that would not have been noticed without the software until after the construction was complete.

Steel frame

1) Louis Sullivan; (2) steel-framed skyscraper

Suspension

L-beams

Vertical steel support and horizontal slab of reinforced concrete which is connected by stairways

Domino construction

The golden gate bridge

Ferroconcrete ensures the building will be strong and long-lasting.

Cantilever construction

Construction

Ferroconcrete is also called reinforced concrete. The term comes from the Latin word for iron, which is "ferro". It uses iron bars, called rebar, to reinforce it.

A) Horizontal I-beams B) Vertical steel columns This is a steel frame structure.

A) This is an example of suspension construction. B) This is an example of a construction which used ferroconcrete. Opinions will vary, but should address the question directly and include justification.

A type of construction where the main load-bearing elements are hung from suspension cables which are suspended from vertical supports anchored into the ground or a riverbed. This type of construction is most commonly in bridge building.

Cantilever construction features a horizontal beam that extends past its vertical support. This structure is an example of cantilever construction. You can see the horizontal beams of the roof and base extend past the vertical supports, creating a unique design.

Skyscrapers are cost effective and minimize space. They are also seen as examples of a nation or company's power and strength.

Domino is the vertical steel support and horizontal slab of reinforced concrete which is connected by stairways. Construction is the act of building or assembling an infrastructure. Therefore domino construction is the building of a structure using a vertical steel support and horizontal slab of reinforced concrete which is connected by stairways.

A skeletal frame constructed in a regular pattern to support the floors, roof, or walls. A steel frame is made up of vertical steel columns and horizontal I-beams.

This skyscraper is the Wainwright building. It is one of the earliest examples of a skyscraper. This structure is nine stories tall. Its corners are uninterrupted and the vertical lines created by the windows emphasize the height of the building to the viewer. This structure was designed by Louis Sullivan.

This is a skyscraper. A skyscraper is a tall, multi-storied building. It was made possible by the development of steel frame construction using I-beams, which have an I- or H- shaped cross-section.