EALC 145G FINl – Flashcards

King Zheng- set up the capital in Xianyang and proclaimed himself Quin Shihuangdi He imposed death penalties for reading Book of Songs and Classic of History Qin was the first empire to unite china, and did so under a standard system This is there first time historians could say that there was political and cultural unity the qin emperor was afraid of being assassinated so he would go to random palaces at night to avoid being killed (had many) roads connected his palaces, which had high walls the first emperor died in 210 BC The second emperor took over but was good for nothing, as his reign was short lived and he was assassinated liu family took over after 10 years in 202 BC The capital was built in Xi'an, a place famous for it palaces Qin was totalitarian, as opposed to the revival period that the Han went through

modules and mass were the most important aspect of the creation of the enormous diverse figures in the terra-cotta army a module system was developed from a certain amount of material available to the creators; they were still able to meet the expectations of the emperor

he is a cook that was cutting up and ox for Wen Hui he hadn't changed his knife in 19 years, he had the logic of understanding the spirt of the blade of his knife, as opposed to many cooks of his time who vied the job as merely a craft/technician The daoist was was to say "what care about is the way, which goes beyond the skill" a good cook only has to change his life once a year because he goes with the grain and nature, as opposed to a mediocre cook who is changes his knife once month with his hasty choppings

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budhist communities established in the han dynasty new waves of the religion emerged when political and social chaos had people loose faith in the confucian order Greater vehicle: salvation, nirvana, and enlightenment can be achieved by anyone. anyone has the capacity to become a buddah and live in western pure land lesser- only certain individuals can achieve nirvana (men)

1. there is suffering in the world (all existence is suffering) 2. suffering is caused by craving, lust, desire 3. there is an end to suffering via suppression 4. suppression can be achieved through following the eight fold path

1. form/matter 2. sensation/feeling 3.perception/conception/cognition 4. mental formations/psychic disposition: impulses,volition 5. consciousness Buddhism holds that the five comments of life unite temporarily to form an individual living being. it makes up one of three realms of existence, the other two being living beings and the environment all life carries it activities through the interaction of these five components. they are created by karma formed in previous lifetimes and at the same time create new karma

1 human 2 hungry ghost 3 heavenly beings 4 hell dwellers 5bodhistava 6buddha 7animals 8 asuras 9 ahrats 10 private buddhas hhhhbbaap

Body of transformation:(nirmanakaya) the physical body of the buddha that lived on earth as Siddatha Gaitama Body of bliss: (sambhogakaya) the reward body that dwelled for long period of time in the heavens as sort of a supreme God, where the bodhisattva completes his vows and becomes a buddha body of essence: (dharmakaya) the ultimate Buddha who pervaded and underlay the whole universe is the embodiment of truth itself and is often seen as surpassing the physical and spiritual body forms

supposed to exists in our world but not physically (separate level of existence) can help other striving being s before passing into nirvana being ofd wisdom for many lives before his final rebirth, he did mighty deeds of compassion and self-sacrifce

stops the process of death and rebirth known as a type of enlightenment escaping transmigration in order to be achieved, one must adopt the right view about the nature of existence, then by a carefully controlled system of conduct, and finally by concentration and meditation meditate, follow the eight fold path and the tents of Buddhism

the actions or doings of an individual throughout his or her life. it is the determining factor in rebirth cycle. the root cause of rebirth is ignorance, a fundamental illusion that individuality and permanence exist when in fact they do not physical mental or vocal actions lead to future consequences, good or bad karma classified into for kinds

Kingdoms: Wu, Wei, Shu dynasties: Eastern Wu, Jin dynasty, Southern Qi, Liang C, Chen

The northern frontiers, Xiongnu and Xianbi were watching with interest as the now fragmented empire was a victim in 311, Xiongnu captured Luoyang, murdered 20,00 people and took the emperor prisoner, then moved the Chang'an to sack Jin-Jin then fled to Nanjing 16 barbarian tribes rose and fell before Toba Wei, Turkish tribe, brought the whole of the North Under their rule in 439 Toba wei established Northern Wei Dynasty near Datong in northern Shanxi--they abounded the nomadic way of life and adopted chinese dress, eventually becoming sanitized invasions of north split china into two con tries and two cultures

1 spirit resonance-vitality-energy the artwork has "animation through spirit consonance" Qi is the cosmic spirit that vitalized all things 2. bone method-way of using the brush 3. correspondence to objects or depicting form 4. suitability to type, application in color through values 5. placement; division and planning proper placement 6. models: transmission of copying models from not just life, but the age of antiquity painting incorperate allusions using previous models and adaptions pantings are living manifestations of an artists work. they must be represented faithfully so the artist express his awareness of these cosmic principles in action

Refers to Xe He's second principle "bone method" or way of using brush - the quality through which awareness of the inner vital spirit is expressed, whether in painting or calligraphy

Buddhisn and daoist ideas · Zong Bing Buddhist scholar and painter(early 5th century)- earliest writings on landscape paintings. Recreated the landscapes he loved in his studio after wandering the beautiful hills of the south with his wife. He recreated the landscapes in his studios when he became to old to journey o Preface on landscape paintings o Declares he would like to be a Daoist mystic · Landscapes have material existence and reach out to the realm of the spirit · Wang Wei - (ba gua) eight trigrams, symbolic diagram of the workings of the universe, so must landscape painting be a symbolic language through which the painter may express not a relative aspect of nature at a given moment from a given view, but a general truth o The spirit must also exercise control over the painting, for this is the essence of painting · Gu Kaizhi - calligrapher and painter of Daoist landscapes o Famous for his portraits for capturing the very spirit of the subject, different from the Han Dynasty, which was not so much of individuals of examples of virtue o Also famous for landscape paintings

Gandhara Buddha's shoulders and chest are massive, yet finely proportioned. His face is clear-cut. Gupta art is signified by the technique of arbitrary shading. Gupta style has a tendency to treat stone as though it were clay. Gandhara and Gupta styles signify a great synthesis. Also they provided a rich mixture of native and foreign elements to sculptures and painting.

(Deity) Almost as important as Avalokitesvara The god of wisdom

Almost as important as Avalokitesvara Although still a bodhisattva, will in the next cycle descend to Earth as the Buddha.

Another name for Buddha Sakyamuni Buddha statue: Sancai (three color) ware This type of Tang wares, was made in kilns chiefly located in Hebei, Shaanxi, Henan, and Sichuan. The more robust Tang wares were exported in large quantities.

built in Northern Wei dynasty; Shanxi province Indian style Buddha, indigenization

built in Northern Wei, carried on to the Tang dynasty; Henan province, Luoyang City Vairocana Buddha: In the Tang dynasty, empress Wu Zeitian ordered a colossal figure of Buddha to be built, resembling her facial features

Built from former Qin to Yuan dynasty (circa 350 AD - 1300 AD) Gansu Province, along the silk road Flying deities, sculptures, wall paintings

Sui (581 -619 AD): reunification after the Six dynasties, built the Great Canal to connect the north and south capitals, consolidated centralized government, laid economic and political foundation for the Tang dynasty

Origins: In 138 BC, the emperor Wu sent out a mission under Zhang Qian Emperor Taizong, Emperor Gaozong Zhang Qian spent 12 years in the western regions, where he found Chinese silk and bamboo, brought there, he was told by way of India. His stories spurred interest in the Chinese to look westward Direct intercourse between the western Asian tribes and China came only after Zhang Qian's expedition and the establishment of the Silk Road across central Asia. Route: This great caravan route, leaving China at the Jade Gate, Yumen, in modern Gansu, crossed central Asia to the north and south of the Taklamakan Desert, reuniting in the region of Kashgar, whence one branch led westward across Iran to the Mediterranean world while the other struck south into Ghandara and India. Chinese items have been found in Crimea, Afghanistan, Palmyra, and Egypt, while in Rome in the time of Augustus there was special market for imported Chinese Silk. Silk: o According to legend, the consort of the Yellow Emperor first taught the Chinese people how to cultivate the mulberry on which the silkworm feeds and to spin, dye, and weave threads Since then silk has become a very important industry to China.

Second emperor of Tang Dynasty: In 626 Li Yuan (Founder of the Tang Dynasty) he abdicated in favor of his second son, Li Shimin, who then, at the age of 26 became the emperor Taizong. This inaugurated an era of peace and prosperity that lasted over a century. By the time of Taizong's death in 649, China had established control over the flourishing central Asian kingdoms of Kucha and Khotan Began conquest of korea, linked Tibet through marriage, established relationships with Japan. He was very religiously tolerant He believed in Daoism, but he supported Confucianism and Buddhism China enjoyed 100 years of peace and prosperity at home and enormous prestige abroad (due to Taizong/Li Yuan, and the next rulers- Gazong and Wu zetian)

Ascended the throne in 649 after Taizong. He was a weak and benevolent man, dominated by his concubine, Wu Zetian. When he died in 683, Wu Zetian named herself emperor. Gaozong contributed to China's 100 eyars of peace and prosperity during the Tang dynasty.

Emperor Gaozong's concubine. After Gaozong died in 649, Wu Zetian declared herself emperor. She was a cruel and pious woman (she was a Buddhist follower) The Confucian ministers loyally served her until her forced abdication in 705 at the age of 82. This brought an end to the 2 decades of stability and peace.

755 AD, turning point of Tang history Ban on foreign religion, persecution of Buddhism, destruction of Buddhist temples, arts Declined power of the central government Change in art: petic optimism → emotional intensity and extravagance

Ren the Fox Fairy major characters wei yin: 9th son of the daughter of the prince of Xinan; young, wild, heavy drinker, best friend to zheng zheng poor man; heavy drinker and loved women ren fox fairy; bewitches men into spending the night with her Historical Context: 750 AD Tian Bao Period (tang dynasty) Summary The story begins with the two best friends, Wei and Zheng, riding a horse and a donkey on the way to a drinking party. The two split up because Zheng claims he has business to attend to. As Zheng rides alone on his donkey, he comes across the most beautiful girl he has ever seen, who introduces herself as Ren. After some talking, Ren invites Zheng back to her mansion where he spends the night. The next morning as Zheng is leaving, he learns from a shopkeeper that Ren is a Fox Fairy. Zheng confronts Ren and tells her that he is in love with her despite what she is, and Ren agrees to serve him for the rest of his life. The two rent a house together. Eventually, when Wei meets Ren, he forces himself onto her. Ren stops him and admits that she pities Zheng, as he is over 6-feet tall and has failed to protect a woman. For this she must stay with him and Wei realized how honorable she is. Wei and Ren become best friends and Ren continues to be Zheng's mistress. Ren has very specific requests to have all of her dresses ready-made and decline offers from Zheng to buy her silks instead. Eventually, Zheng was appointed a military capitan. When he asked Ren to come with him to his post, she declined stating that a witch had told her that she would die is she went west this year. Zheng insisted, and they left together. As the two were riding away together, hounds jumped out from the bushes and began to chase Ren. Ren jumped off of her horse and turned into a fox. She was not fast enough and was eventually caught and killed by the hounds.

Son of Lord of Ying-Yang Governor of Changzhou, wealthy and respected Young man goes on journey to take provincial exam, taking fine clothes, equipment, and generous amount of money with him. Set out from Changzhou and got a house in the Buzheng quarter. One day on his way back from the East Market, he enters the Pingkang quarter to visit a friend. He sees a grand house with a beautiful girl standing at the entrance of it. He takes off and later asks a friend to find out who she was. Turns out she was a very well off courtesan named Li and was told that the only way he had a chance with her was with a million cash. Soon after he revisits the home and is welcomed in by the girl and her mother. Both the girl and young man confess that they could not stop thinking about each other since that day and the mother eventually could see that there was a natural attraction between them both and regarded him as her son in law. After living with them for a year, all his property, money, attendants and horses were gone. After a year with no child, the young girl insists that they visit the temple where the spirit of Bamboo Grove answers prayers to offer libation. They spend two nights there praying to the spirit. On the way back, the girl insists they they visit her aunt who lives close. After sitting in the garden with the aunt for a short while, a man pulls up on a horse panting that the girls mother is ill and that she must come at once. She takes the horse and says that she will send it back later for her and the husband. A while later the young man returns to her house to see what had happened, only to find out that the home was locked in chains with no one home. He then finds out that the home was leased and that the girl and her mother had left. He then went back to her 'aunts' house, only to find out it was not really her house and that they only used it to entertain family from out of town. Understanding what happened, he became ill with his old landlord caring for him out of despair. Every time he would hear the mourners' chants, he would regret that he could not change places with the dead and began imitating their chants. Soon after he became the most expert mourner in the whole capital, being secretly taught by experts the fine tunes they knew. The two chief undertakers decided to give an exhibition to see who was better. Everyone visited and wept as he performed. His father was coincidentally at the same capital where the exhibition was. After being disgraced by his son's conduct, Lord of Ying Yang stripped him naked and beat him, leaving him for dead. After being abandoned and ill, he then began to beg his way through various parts of the city. One day due to extreme cold, he arrives at a house with an open door, only to find out that it is that of the girl Li and her mother. The girl felt remorse because of what they had done to him, so she offered to buy her freedom from her mother and went on to rent a house for her and the young man. After a year of caring, his health was back better than ever. In order to regain his knowledge, she bought him all the books he needed, and after 3 years, he passed two very important exams. He soon after reunited with his father, expressing to him how proud he was. After hearing of the girl Li and how she had helped him, the father set up arrangements for a wedding. After some time, he was promoted to various important posts, and within ten years, was governor of several provinces while his was was given title Lady of Qiankuo. They had four sons, all of whom became high officials and married into great families.

Hsü Hsūan- protagonist of the story; assistant in an herb shop White Lady- antagonist who ends up marrying Hsü Hsūan Ch'ing-ch'ing- companion/maid of white lady Officer Li- brother in law of Hsü Hsūan, works for government Fa-hai- wise Buddhist monk Historical Context One of China's four Great Folktales Passed down through oral tradition for centuries before being first recorded in Ming dynasty Takes place in Sung Dynasty in the prefecture of Hangchow Summary •Hsü Hsūan gets caught in a storm after visiting a local temple and meets the white lady and her companion Ch'ing-ch'ing on a boat home. He offers them his umbrella to return to their home •When Hsü Hsūan returns to get his umbrella, the White lady says she wants to marry him and gives him a ingot of silver to return home with. •After purchasing a lavish meal for his family, his brother-in-law Officer Li recognizes the silver ingot as recently being stolen •Officer Li to protect his family, reports Hsü Hsūan to the authorities. Hsü Hsūan explains what happened, but when they go to check her house all that remains is a pile of silver As a result, Hsü Hsūan is beaten and banished from his hometown to the Soochow prefecture. Hsü Hsūan stays with a friend of Officer Li's named Master Wang for many months before the white lady and Ch'ing-ch'ing appear at the door one day The White lady convinces Hsü Hsūan to get married to her and live in Master Wangs house After several months, the White Lady gives Hsü Hsūan an elaborate set of clothes that he wears out to a temple. At the temple, Hsü Hsūan is stopped by several constables who recognize the clothes from a recent robbery. Hsü Hsūan explains the clothes are from his wife, but when constables return to Master Wang's house, the White Lady and Ch'ing-ch'ing are nowhere to be found At this point, Hsü Hsūan begins to suspect his wife is an evil spirit. However, Hsü Hsūan is banished yet again to Chinkiang In Chiankiang, Hsü Hsūan works at another herbalist shop for several months before the white lady reappears yet again She persuades him yet again to remain married to her and live together. Later, both Hsü Hsūan and the White Lady are invited to Hsü Hsūan's bosses house for his birthday At the party, the boss (Li K'o-yung) follows the white lady to the bathroom with the intent to seduce her. However, as he peeks through the door he sees the White Lady transformed into a massive white python and collapses. The next day Hsü Hsūan goes to a local monastery and passes by a very wise Buddhist monk named Fa-hai. Fa-hai could tell that Hsü Hsūan was married to an evil spirit and runs to tell him right as the White Lady shows up outside the temple. Fa-hai confronts the White Lady for being an evil spirit. At the sight of Fa-hai, the White Lady turned the boat over and disappeared. Hsü Hsūan expresses his gratitude to Fa-hai and returned to his original home in Hangchow due to a national grand amnesty being issued. Upon return home though Hsü Hsūan finds the White Lady and Ch'ing-ch'ing waiting for him. She threatens to destroy his entire village if he reveals her true identity

Wang Xianke: the hero of the story who lives with his uncle after the death of his father. Liu Zhen: is the uncle of Wang who is courtier during the Jianzhong period (780-783) and later is promoted to tax commissioner. Wushuang: is the daughter of Liu who is portrayed as being beautiful and intelligent. She is also the younger cousin of Wang. Bailiff Gu: is a friend of Wang who plays an important part during the story. Summary §Wang's mother fell ill, and made a request for Liu to save his daughter Wushuang for her son to marry, because she has so much respect for Wushuang. She tells Liu if he allows this she will be content with dying. §Liu tried to make good on his promise by allowing Wang to marry his daughter if he helped find his family a safe place to stay. This request was made after troops had revolted, and caused the emperor to flee the city. §Wang did as he was told, and waited for his uncle to arrive with Wushuang to an inn he found. Unfortunately, Wang found out his uncle was captured along with his family as they attempted to leave the city. §Wang went into hiding in a country house at Xiangyang. He would return years later after he heard the rebellion was suppressed, and order was restored in the capital. §Wang went into hiding in a country house at Xiangyang. He would return years later after he heard the rebellion was suppressed, and order was restored in the capital. §As Wang went about trying to find out what had happened to his family, he came across a former servant named Saihong. He informs Wang his uncle and family are okay, and he will take him to them. §Wang finds out that his uncle and aunt had been executed after being accused of being part of the rebellion. He also finds out Wushuang is still alive and has been taken to the palace as a maid. §Eventually, Wang receives a message from Wushuang. She tells him a bailiff named Gu is a man who may be able to free her. Wang befriends Gu, and for a year straight does anything he can to please him until Gu ask what he can do for Wang to repay his kindess. §After hearing of Wang's troubles, Gu tells Wang he will do what he can. Months later Wang is informed Wushuang had killed herself. He is distraught, until Gu comes to the door with Wushuang on a stretcher. §Gu explains to Wang that Wushuang is still alive and is just in a comatose state because of a pill he slipped her. Wang and Wushuang change their names and start a family out in the country side. §This is a tortuous love story of a hero and his love being separate through the drastic ups and downs in life. §Wang's love for Wushuang is so sincere that even when he is plunged into despair time after time he persists to the end, and finally succeeds. §During the story the theme of bribery comes up often, since this was practiced to get things done during the days of the late Tang Dynasty. Chivalry is also shown throughout the story by the actions of Wang and Gu.

In 907 the period known as the Five dynasties began China's Political state was in chaos from the An Lushan rebellion, Tibetan invasion, and the loss of central Asia to Islam. A divided state, different cultures flourish In 959 General Zhao Kuangyin ascends the throne oFirst Emperor of the Song Dynasty 16 years of conquest culminating to a united China Many enemies (the Qidan, the Jurchen, and the Mongols) Jurchen raided the capital & gained control of the north Song officials fled Paid tribute to the Jurchen ( Jin Dynasty) Song China Became a time of philosophical insight, creative energy, and technical refinement. A series of emperors that were knowledgeable in art history. Print Press Paper money, first edition of the Classics, and the Buddhist Tripitaka Lead to the synthesis of information. Neo-Confucianism established by Zhou Dunyi & Zhu Xi combination of confucian moral principle (Li) & the Daoist first cause (Taiji) - metaphysical and moral force (Li) became the guiding principle that gives each form its inherent nature. Part scientific and part intuitive Wanted to deepen ones knowledge of the world and workings of Li. Lead to a new interest in arts and crafts A growing demand for reproductions of archaic ritual vessels Jade and Bronze work began to also grow in popularity

10th-12th century Northern China had a flourishing culture and preserved the Tang art form with slight changes in sculpture and ceramics. Not pictures of the monks themselves, but of what they represent as a variety of emotional states Liao Sculptures ( Set of 6 ) High Quality, only heard of in the Tang Dynasty bony skull, deep set eyes, time worn flesh The struggle and the spirit emerge successful Buddhas & Bodhisattvas Wood and/or Plaster sculptures Advance techniques "An almost uncanny impression of movement, as though the gods were stepping forward with an easy, stately pace, or had just taken their seats on the lotus throne, is produced by the great agitation and restless movement of the garments and encircling scarves,"

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(Melissa said not really that important) Mainly related to Buddhist paintings in the Tang dynasty worked in a purely Chinese style said to have painted 300 frescoes (painted on dry plaster, not wet) in the temples of Luoyang & Chang'an

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In The Governor of the Southern Tributary States, Daoism is mainly shown through the theme that "life is a dream." In the first semester, we learned that Daoism embodied the idea of not forcing rules on other people, and allowing each person to find his or her own path. When the man in this tale realized that he was dreaming and saw his dream in the form of ant hills, he came to the understanding that the dream may have had a moral for his ambitions or "how to live his life." It also may have symbolized the philosophical idea of living in harmony with the Tao (underlying force/way/path/principle). In the Spendthrift & the Alchemist, Daoism is shown through the the main theme of trying to find the eternal elixir of life or immortality which was the Daoist quest. The story focuses on a priest who wants Du's help in creating his elixir for life as long as he is able to stay silent no matter what he was experiencing. Du was able to succeed in overcoming temptations, fear, joy, sorrow, and etc. but not love for his/her son. Ultimately, the choice that the tale presented was making an eternal elixir without love, or the mortality of life with love.

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Associated with Chan Painting Spent his life painting Buddhist subjects → eventually came to the court of Wang Jian at Chengdu full of years of experience and honor His arhats were drawn with exaggeration (bony skulls, huge eyebrows, & pronounced Indian features) → have the ugliness of caricature Artist's goal: try to shock the viewer into awareness We should see paintings as simply pictorial metaphors for an event or "happening" in the mind that can't be described ("illumination")

Associated with Chan Painting→ took on Guanxiu's role after he passed away A wild & eccentric individual that was classified by writers as "untamed" and in the "yi" category (yi: "completely unrestrained by the rules") Painting in the yi style was difficult & those that followed it hated refinement & rich colorings; they draw the forms quite sketchily but grasp the natural [ziran] spontaneously

Leading master of painting (associated with Court Painting in the Late 5 Dyn. & the N. Song)

last of Tang figure-painting tradition famous for painting horses in early life until a Daoist told him he would become a horse himself used ink line technique (baimiao) copies old masters' works to learn sweeping brush line technique endures to Ming

Song Dynasty landscape painter believed that nature was the only "true teacher" -> recluse in the Qiantang mountains depicts the grandeur of nature; angular 10th Century

Deliberately avoid the Western laws of perspective for the perspective or "angle of totality" Power of landscape painting to take us out of ourselves for spiritual solace and refreshment Shen Gua's reasoning for the "shifting perspective" Guo Xi had a similar idea (journey or adventure through the painting)

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as opposed to Fan Kuan--roundness of contour and looseness and freedom in brushwork worked in a colored style; work meant to be seen from a distance 10th Century

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writer, poet, painter, calligrapher, pharmacologist, gastronome in song dynasty Political Personality: against the New Policy of Wang Anshi poetry and writing: travel literature or detailed information on the contemporary chinese iron industry

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painter appointments to Hanlin Academy of Letters Huizong's passionate demands: painters exams + subject restrictions required intellectual agility abandonment of pictorial realism in landscape painting rigid orthodoxy → decorative, painstaking "palace style" that dominated to present time · Established the Hanlin Academy in search of the best painting masters · Primary subjects of his paintings were birds and flowers · Invented the "Slender Gold" style of calligraphy · This resembled gold filament that had been twisted and turned · Captured during the Jurchen invasion and eventually killed

Practiced by Emperor Huizong · Stemmed from Tang Buddhist art · Huang Quan worked almost entirely in delicate transparent washes of color

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Chinese scholar and painter during the Yuan Dynasty · Bridged the gulf between the Mongols and the Chinese educated class · " His rejection of the refined, gentle brushwork of his era in favour of the cruder style of the eighth century is considered to have brought about a revolution that created the modern Chinese landscape painting. He was known for his paintings of horses. His landscapes are also considered to be done in a style that focuses more on a literal laying of ground. Rather than organizing them in a foreground, middle ground, and background pattern he layers middle grounds at various heights to create a sense of depth" · Secretary to the Hanlin Academy

Chinese painter during the Yuan Dynasty · Credited with being the most famous female painter in Chinese history · Known for her bamboo paintings

1) Huang Gongwang: Now regarded as one of the great literati painters; one style depended on the use of purple; spontaneous style · 2) Ni Zan: "As economical of ink as if it were gold;" painted very sparse landscapes; practiced bamboo painting · 3) Wang Meng: "Master of a close-knit texture made up of tortuous, writhing lines;" held office under the Mongols · 4) Wu Zhen: Works tended less toward naturalism and more toward abstraction; personified nature with smooth, curved, and flowing lines

Red and blue underglaze painting technique was revived · Celadons continued to be produced on a large scale · Molding and engraving continued, but quality had decreased · SEE WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_ceramics#Ming_dynasty.2C_1368.E2.80.931644)

Bamboo was a symbol of a true gentleman, pliant yet strong, who remains his integrity no matter how low the adverse winds of circumstance may bend him · Very difficult · Ni Zan and Zhao Mengfu were accomplished bamboo artists during the Yuan Dynasty · Often includes an inscribed poem

Most admired in the whole history of ceramics · Crude blue and white was first produced in the Tang Dynasty · Large, boldly decorated dishes, pear-shaped vases, bowls in the Yuan Dynasty · Decorations included dragons, lotus scrolls, bands of petals

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A. 1368-1648 Last native Chinese dynasty founded by Zhu Yuanzhang Reclaimed northern territories, witnessed 2nd commercial revolution, known in popular culture for the elaborate Ming vases, held great military and economical power with grand expeditions by Zheng He, time of neo-Confucian intellectuals such as Wang Yangming

1403-1424 Chinese emperor during the Ming dynasty who was a key figure in the restoration of China to greatness and who commissioned an enormous fleet to spread awareness of Chinese superiority to much of Asian and Eastern Africa. Was the chief patron of Zheng he's exploration enterprise and his death was a major cause in its abrupt ending.

Early Ming Explorer, Muslim eunuch Led great maritime expansion under Emperor Chengzu Voyages effectively demonstrated Ming power and political assertiveness Voyages brought tributary envoys e.g. King Of Borneo and introduced exotic objects and animals to China

Opposite of Scholorly painting--worked in mochrome ink, focusing on expressive brushstrokes --ideally immersed in natural beauty.

founded by Shen Zhou, a group of literati painters in the Ming Dynasty, viewed as the opposite of the Zhe School

Ming Dynasty painter "Poet on a Mountain Top" founded Wu School most famous for his landscapes and for his "boneless" renderings of flowers combined painting, poetry, and calligraphy at gatherings with his literati friends.

Painter, calligrapher, scholar (1470-1559) Painted a series of remarkable scrolls of old juniper trees in pure monochrome ink that in their rugged, twisted forms seem to symbolize the noble spirit of the old scholar-painter himself

Painter (1479 - 1523) Towering mountains painted in monochrome ink on silk are re-creations of the forms and conventions of the Song landscapists Ruined a promising career when involved in a scandal over the civil service examinations.

Humble and possibly illiterate professional (1494-1552) Famous for long handscrolls on silk depicting with exquisite detail and delicate color such popular themes as the Lute Song, life at the court of Minghuang, or the multifarious activities of the ladies of the palace As a landscapist he was the last distinguished exponent of the green-and-blue style

Landscape painter, noted calligrapher (1555-1636) Painter of landscapes in monochrome ink Maintained that through landscape painting the scholar and gentleman expressed his own moral worth Believed the great Southern tradition must be not only revived and preserved, but creatively reinterpreted, for only thus could it live

The tradition of the independent scholar-painter Ideology: Enlightenment came of itself, spontaneously and suddenly Paintings: Free, calligraphic, personal, and subjective Doctrine of the two schools is a reflection of the state of late Ming culture and the confusion of values and doctrines felt by the literati as the corrupt Ming dynasty was approaching its downfall

deology: Maintained enlightenment could only be attained by degrees, after a lifetime of preparation and training Paintings: Academic, eclectic, precise, and decorative Doctrine of the two schools is a reflection of the state of late Ming culture and the confusion of values and doctrines felt by the literati as the corrupt Ming dynasty was approaching its downfall Paintings: Academic, eclectic, precise, and decorative