EA 200 Enterprise Architect – Flashcards
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Architecture
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Both the process and product of planning, design and construction
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What are the Architecture benefits to the business?
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1. Helps achieve business strategy, 2. Faster time to market of new innovations and capabilities, 3. More consistent business processes and information across business units, and 4. More reliability and security, and less risk
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What are the Architecture benefits to Information Technology?
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1. Better traceability of IT costs, 2. Lower IT Costs - Design, buy, operate, support & change, 3. Faster design and development, 4. Reduced complexity, and 5. Less IT risk
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What is the rationale for an artifcat driven architectue framework?
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1. More practical and less theoretical, 2. Focus on clear communication through the production of high-quality core deliverables, 3. SAP specific and SAP relevant, 4. Sequencing and process will be highly flexible, and 5. Enforced business and IT alignment through CORE artifacts and Content Meta Model
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What are the main characteristics of the Architect Framework?
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1. Artifact driven based on Core Artifacts 2. Retain (and extend) the characteristics we like 3. Fix (and include) the characteristics that we don't like
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What does the characteristic Retain refer to in regards to Framework
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1. Driven by business strategy, stakeholders and requirements 2. Facilitate Business / IT alignment 3. Supporting four Architecture Domains - Business, Application, Data & Technology 4. Supporting the concept of time 5. Supporting change mgm and governance
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What are the main characteristics of the Framework we need to Fix and include?
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1. High quality examples & templates 2. SAP specific and SAP Relevant reference models 3. SAP aware and SAP focused, but not SAP exclusive 4. Provision of modern technology reference model including Mobile, In-Memory & Cloud 5. Clear narratives how to produce Core artifacts 6. Remove abstract layers and replace with specific entities and taxonomy
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What are the key features and Artifacts that support the Architecture Framework?
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1. Content Meta Model 2. Guidelines 3. As-Is / To-Be & Roadmap 4. SAP Tooling 5. Stakeholders & Requirements 6. CORE Artifacts 7. SAP Mapping 8. Principles, Standards and Policies 9. Customer Specific - Catalogs / Matrices / Diagrams 10. SAP Reference Models 11. Architecture Capabilities
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What are key elements in the Framework?
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1. Repeatable - steps to create CORE artificats can be applied in multiple situations or contexts, resulting in a new value adding version of the Core artifact 2. Contribute to the overall SAP Specific Solution - true value found in the context and relations to other deliverables. Combination of applied CORE artifacts that will create a valule driven SAP Architecture
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What are the SAP Architecture Domains?
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1. Business 2. Application 3. Data 4. Technology
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What are the 3 main fields of focus under Business Architecture domain?
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1. Strategy 2. Capability 3. Process
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What does the Business Strategy Domain focus on?
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Strategic intent and direction the organization pursues. Strategy sets the stage for Capability
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What does the Business Capability Domain focus on?
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Where the focus lies on the abilities the organization owns or will need to acquire to go into Process
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What does the Business Process Domain focus on?
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Focus lies on strategic intentions and objectives will be achieved - i.e how the organization is strucutred and how it operates.
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Application Architecture
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Describing the software having a main focus supporting the business domain
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Data Architecture
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Describing the required data aspects which are processed in the Application Architecture
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Technology Architecture
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Describing the technical enablers for application and data architecture as the foundation to the entire enterprise
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Information Technology Architecture consists of?
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Application Architecture, Data Architecture and Technology Architecture
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Framework is founded on a selected set of artifacts
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Provide a fill view of the org in as few deliverables as possible as a Core, Selected to facilitate a Current State and / or a Future State, enable further coupling of additional deliverabels to widen or enhance specific aspects, all based on entities and relations from the SAP Architecture Content Meta Model
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Principles
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Essential elements in architectural quality and governance and consist of Stnadards, Policies and Guidelines
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What forms a hierachy directing architectural behavior and practices?
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Principles, Standards, Policies & Guidelines
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What is the meaning of Principle?
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Describing how things have to be done
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Standard
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Agreement on how things are to be done - for example the message format of your email
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Policy
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Describing why things should be done - not as strict as a standard
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Guideline
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Describing how things can be done / ought to be done - following a guideline usually leads ot good results
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What are the five dimensions of Architecture Practice?
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1. People & Organization 2. SAP Architecture Framework 3. Standards & Templates 4. Architecture Tooling 5. Integrated Processes
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Architectural Practice - What is Plan?
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Business Strategy and Planning (Corporate & BU)
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Architectural Practice - What is Innovate?
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Research & Development (CTO)
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Architectural Practice - What is Build?
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Management of Projects & Programs (PMO)
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Architectural Practice - What is Run?
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Service Management (IT Operations)
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What is a model?
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Construct, an abstract representation of an actual or envisioned reality - created because its often too difficult to build the real thing. Means of communication and should address stakeholders concerns
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What is a Metamodel?
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Constructs and rules needed for creating models, "Core Artifacts", of real things . Its a guide to formalize the constructs of models. Enables consistency and coherence between models
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Lack of a Content Metamodel
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Will lead to unrealted and incoherent architectural content and lack of alignment between Business and IT
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One of the key benefots fo Architecture
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Alignment between IT and Business
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Content Metamodel
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Grammar of SAP Architecture, enabling consistent and coherent communication. It is a model describing models and is a template to be utilized when developing models
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Content Metamodel extract consists of?
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1. Entities (boxes) 2. Relations between entities (lines) 3. Attributes (labels)
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What forms the grammar and permissible constructs in a model?
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Entities, relations and attributes
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What will form the core of every architecture model?
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A subset of entities and relations
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What will enable a true integrated architecture?
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Entities, relations and attributes will enable an interlinking between models
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What are the entities in the Content Metamodel?
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Practice -> Requirement Motivation -> Goal, Objective, Measure Operation -> Capability, Function, Process, Org Unit and Role Information Technology -> Data and Platform Service
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What is an Entity
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Can be de-composed into multiple levels of detail
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What are the main areas of the SAP Architecture Content Metamodel?
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Practice, Business and Information Technology
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What are the main areas of the SAP Architecture Content Metamodel - Business ?
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Motivation, Operation and Result
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Waht are the benefits of the SAP Architecture Content Metamodel?
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Formalizes the definition of SAP Architecture - aids in communication and understanding Formalizes the relationships between artifacts - clearer business and IT alignment Enables SAP specific mapping Enables use in architecture tools
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Driver
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External or internal condition that motivates the organization to define its goals.
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What is an example of a Driver
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A change in regulation or compliance or complinace rules which requires changes in the organization operations and records -> i.e Sarbanes Oxley, or changin consumer behavior from actual stores to virtual web shops and mobile devices. Could be customer or market behavior, competitive forces, legislation, etc
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Goal
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A formulation of a (strategic) intention or (strategic) direction of the organiztion. High Level statement of intent or direction toward an attainable state the organization seeks to achieve. Its an importnat target setting and specifying element in the overall strategy of the organization
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What is an example of a Goal?
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SAP Targets - over X amount in revenues, X amount operating margin, to reach x amount of people, build X amount in the cloud
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Objective
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SMART - Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realizable, and Time Bound. Formulation of a (strategic) goal, motivates the requirements for a Capability.
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What is an example of a Objective?
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Will generate X percentage of our sales via internet channels and web-shops by end of Q1
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Capability
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An expression of "WHAT" the organization does to achieve it objectives. Capabilities can be composed out of other capabilities - i.e are usually represented in a hierarchy. Instruments of the organization. Resources the organization will use to create outcomes - addressign question 'What do we need". Forms the ability of the organization to perform actions
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What is an example of a Capability?
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Human Resource Managment - ability to attract, develop, retain, and support talents which the organization needs to be able to function
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Function
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The enablement or delivery of a capability. Usually function is closely related to the structure of an organization, as being owned or governed by an organizational element. Address the question "What the business wants" . Something the business wants to achieve. Constitues the enablement of the organization to execute actions in fulfillment of its objectives
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What is an example of a Function?
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Registration
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Process
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Orchestrates Flow of control between or within functions and / or services . Sequence of activities that together achieve a specific outcome. Can be decomposed into sub processes . May be used to link or composed organization , functions , services and processes
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What is an example of a Process?
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Request requisition (Human Resources process to request additional headcount)
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Actor
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A person, organization, or system that will have one or more roles initiating or interacting with activities
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Role
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Definiiton of expected behavior by an actor in his capacity related to a process. The usual or expected function of an actor, or the part somebody or something plays in a particular action or event
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Organizational Unit
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Self-Contained unit of resources with line management responsibility, goals, objectives, and measures.
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Location
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Geographic presence where business areas take place
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Product
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Tangible output generated by the business in response to their customers needs and desires. The product is an outcome of the execution of a process
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Business Service
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Ability of the organization to deliver a combination of resources, skills, and experiences generating specific value adding benefit to their customer. Can be related to products or a unique value
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Viewpoint
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Means to demonstrate to a Stakeholder how his interests and concerns will be addressed and resolved. An Architecture perspective for a specific group of Stakeholders
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What are the classes of viewpoints?
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Catalogs, Matrices, and Diagrams
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Catalogs
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Lists of Meta Model entities of a specific type, or of related types, that are used for governance or reference purposes.
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Matrices
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Grids that show relationships between Meta Model entities of specific types. Matrices are used to represent relationships that are list-based rather than graphical in their usage.
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Diagrams
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Renderings of architectural content in a graphical format to allow stakeholders to retrive and examine required information. Also a technique for graphically populating architecture content or for checking the completeness of informtion that has been collected
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Achitectural Modeling tool
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PowerDesigner - ad hoc custom viewpoints can also be produced
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Business Requirements
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What should happen to: Benefit Customers Benefit Stakeholders Benefit Business Operations Realize (strategic) objectives
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Requirements
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Business, Solution, Functional, and Non-Functional
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Solution Requirements
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Directs toward a system or solution and are refined from business requirements
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Functional Requirements
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Described how the intended system / soluiton should behave. Hierarchical and related to Business Capabilites
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Non-Functional Requirements
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Describe how well, to what level, the Functional Requirements should be met
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What are some fo the elements of Functional Requirements?
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- Must be strucuted - May be weighted - Use as an input for Request for Proposal (RFP) if vendor / product selection process is necessary to select an appropriate package solution - RFP process typicall captures Requirements down to level 4 - Further analysis at process level (Level 5) can be done using Scripted Scenarios for a small number of critical Business Processes
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Non-Functional Requirements Examples?
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- Performance - throughput, response time - Availability - Beware Crude percentages - Recovery - - Scalability - Security - Standards & Policies - Usability - Maintainability - Portability
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Non-Functional Requirements will heavily influnence?
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the ultimate Technical Architecture, having potential impact on usability, performance, efficiency and cost
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Usability
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May sometimes be considered as Functional Requirements
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Maintainability
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Ease of modification, Testability, Stability
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Portability
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Adaptability, Installability, Replaceability
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Core Artifacts - Business Architecture
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- Strategy Map - Balanced Scorecard - Business Capability Model - Process Map - Business Footprint Diagram
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Strategy Map
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Graphical Representation of the organizations goals and objectives . It visualizes the strategic intentions of the organization and de-composes it in related drivers goals and objectives. Helps with requirements gathering
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Balanced Scorecard
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Graphical Representation directly related to the Strategy Map of key metrics depicting the status of progress towards the organizations Goals & Objectives. Essential tool to communicate the realization of value which the SAP Architecture will generate / is generating. Also an essential tool relating the SAP Architecture with the organizations business cases motivating the strategy
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Business Capability Model
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Matrix representation of available / required capabilities the organization deploys to achieve the stated Goals and Objectives. Capabilities include WHAT an organization does to achieve its objectives. An analysis in the model. An analysis reflected in the model will highlight the delta between what is already available and what additional capabilities will have to be introduced.
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Process Map
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Graphical, usually hierarchical, representation of the organizations division and orchestration of capabilities and functions in layers / levels of increasing granularity and detial. The process map outlines HOW an organization will deploy and utilize its capabilities. The Process Map is essential in the relation between SAp Architecture and detailed process modeling as facilitated in the Business Process Management
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Business Footprint Diagram
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Visualizes and relates Goals and Objectives to Capabilities to relate Capabilities to (logical) applications. Graphical representation relating strategic business objectives to capabilities, organizational units and business functions. The diagram will provide an outline in which way the deployment of capabilities and processes are structured within the organization as enablers for realization of the business objectives
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Approach for Creating the Core Artifact - Strategy Map
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- Analyze the organization strategy - Conduct interviews with business managers, controllers and C Level executives - Categorize the information in drivers, goals and objectives which should relate to one another in that order - Classify the drivers, goals and objectives according to perspectives: Financials, Customers, Process and People - Link the goals to their drivers and link the objectives to their goals in a "cause-effect" relation
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Four perspectives used in the Balanced Scorecard
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Financials, Customer, Process and People
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Core Artifact Balance Scorecard
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SAP Architecture Meta Model entities used to compose the artifacts
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What are the Artifact Entities in the Balanced Scorecard?
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Goal, Objective, Capability
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What are the supporting / related entities in the Balanced Scorecard?
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Driver, Function and Process
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What are the Meta Model Entities used to compose the Balance Scorecard
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Driver Goal - Artifact Entity Objective - Artifact Entity Capability - Artifact Entity Function Process
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Scorecards can be visualized and constructed using?
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The SAP Strategy Management (SSM) Solution SAP Business Objects SAP Design Studio SAP Dashboards (previously known as Xcelsius)
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Approach for creating the CORE Artifact - Business Capability Map?
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- Analyze the organizations strategic objectives - Use industry reference models such as SAP Business Maps, IBM Capability Business Models (CBM), Deloitte's Industryprint, eTOM, etc - Conduct Interviews with business managers, financial controllers, and ley users - Within the Capability a further decomposition (Top Down) or Composition (Bottom Up, from existing process models) will prvide additional levels of detials
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Analyze the Organizations strategic objectives
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Good Sources of information are the strategy map, organizational charts, organization role descriptions
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Approach for creating the CORE Artifact - Process Map?
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2 Approaches: (1) Top Down - Using (external) reference inputs like APQC Process Classification Framework, Deloitte's Industryprint, or other like SAP Business and Solution Maps, Solution Explorer, SAp Product Master guides (2) Bottom Up - Using existing (detailed) process descriptions available within the organization, such as BPM models. Sources might be found in modeling tools like Sybase PowerDesigner, Aris, MS Visio or even PowerPoint.
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Process Maps
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Closely linked with the Business Capability Model. A good architecture practice is to cross reference, checking for consistency and completness
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CORE Artifact - Business Footprint Diagram
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Provides a first conceptual outline to how the Business will be linked to Applications - i.e linked to Information Technology
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Business Footprint Diagram is the key to what?
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Key element in communication and alignment between Business and IT . Demonstrates how Business and IT will integrate and how IT will support the business.
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Business Footprint Diagram aids in
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Visualizing the concepts of Business to Information Technology Integration
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Business Footprint Diagram depends on?
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Depends on the outputs from Application Architecture in order to map Capabilities to (Logical) Applications
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Business Footprint diagram is where ?
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Strategy, Capabilities, and SAP Solutions are linked together
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Capabilities are ususally what level entries from the Business Capability model
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Level 3
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Core Artifacts - Data Architecture
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Meta Data Catalog Data Process Matrix Data Distribution Diagram Data Object Floor Plan
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Meta Data Catalog
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Listed Representation Describing the (master) data elements within the architecture. Objective is to ensure that all data is coherently and consistently defined, so it can be managed and governed, with clear ownership by the business
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Data Process Matrix
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Matrix Representation of (Master) data elements cross referenced to business process elements. Objective is to have a clear overview which (master) data elements are processed per business process to be able to assess (master) data impacts in business process changes
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Data Distribution Diagram
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Graphical Representation of data elements , the relations between data elements and the relation of data elements to business processes.
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Data Object Floor Plan
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Graphical Representation of data elements, and the relationships between different data elements. Helps to understand the connectivity of data elements and enables a better understanding of business needs from a data perspective.
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What does the Meta Data Catalog provide?
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Provides data that describes any aspect of an enterprise's information assets and enables the organization to use and manage their assets
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Meta Data Catalog includes?
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Business Rules and process relevance, Data activities, people and organization involved, locations of data such as master & secondary systems, access controls, limitations, timing and events and the data lifecycle components (create -> maintain -> delete)
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Creation of the Meta Data Catalog is based on?
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Discussions with Data Architecture stakeholders , such as business Unit representatives, business process owners, or the data steward.
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What are the 4 phases the Meta Data Catalog Creation follows?
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1. Phase A - Catalog Definition 2. Phase B - Delivery Baseline Catalog Version 3. Phase C - Delivery Catalog Version 2 - extend to all data objects 4. Phase D -Deliver Final Version - non priority objects to complete the overall version
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Data Distribution Diagram is basically?
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A mapping exercise, done together with subject matter experts such as Application Architecture, the Technology Architecture, Solution Architects, Database administrators.
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Key inputs to the Data Distribution Diagram?
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Key inputs: Application Architecture Diagram Software Component Deployment Model Meta Data Catalog
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Putting the color on the map
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Application architecture diagram plus the related Software Component Deployment Model from the Map in which the Meta Data Objects are colored in
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Data Object Floor Plan
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Usually created together with subject matter experts and IT owners. The main users are Data Stewards, Data (object) Owners, Solution Architects , Project Managers
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Main inputs to the Data Object Floor Plan
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Meta Data Catalog Process Maps Data Process Matrix
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Business Capability Maps can be used as?
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The startign points for mapping capabilities (typically Level 3) to SAP Solutions
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Core Artifacts - Application Architecture
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Application Catalog Application Architecture Diagram Interface Catalog
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Application Catalog
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List of the logical applications within an Enterprise including major attributes. Provides the foundation for IT portfolio planning, IT budget process and synchronizing the current portfolio to strategic vendor roadmaps
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Application Architecture Diagram
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Graphical representation of the logical applications within an Enterprise, their interactions (high level) , and their major categorizations. The foundation for planning the evolution of the IT architecture over time and visualizing the major application and vendor components , styles and their interfaces
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Interface Catalog
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Matrix representation of interactions between applications and their interfaces . Catalog is critical for both planning and managing the complexities of integration between applications
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Tools and Resources to help the SAP Architect - Application Architecture
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Architecture Blue Books SAP Release Strategy Product Availability Matrix Scenario Component List Business Maps - provide input pf functions and processes (level 1-3) to SAP solutions
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What is the approach for selecting appropriate SAP solutions and creating the core artifact
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Application Catalog
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For business capabilities or where appropriate Application architecture artifacts are not available, what can be used as a starting point?
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Business Capability Model
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Mappings can typically be achieved from?
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Business capabilities Level 3
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What can be used to facilitate the mapping process?
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Various SAP tools - PAM, SCL, Solution Explorer, Business Maps
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Approach for visualizing the major application components , styles and interfaces
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Application Architecture Diagram
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What can be used where SAP is strategic and provides the majority of applications in the IT estate?
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SAP specific application architecture diagrams
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What is the approach for creating the Core artifacts
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Interface Catalog
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What is the approach for visualizing the major application components , styles, and interfaces?
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Application Architecture Diagram
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Non-Functional requirements are critical for Technology Architecture and are fulfilled mostly by?
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Capabilities defined in the Technology Architecture Domain
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Non-Functional Requirments are often the most important determining factor fot he solution, product or technology - True or False
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True
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Non-Functional requirments ofter refer Macro or Micro level properties of Hardware, Platform and Inftastrucutre
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Macro
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Core Artifacts - Technology Architecture
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Software Component Deployment Model Instance Strategy System Landscape Model
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Software Component Deployment Model
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Graphical Representation of the development of the various software instances required to realize the application solutions identified in the Application Architecture. This Artifact is an essential tool in describing and agreeing the best option for an enterprise
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Instance Strategy
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Definition of how many production instances will be used to deploy a given SAP Solution. This artifact is another essential tool in describing and agreeing the best deplyment option for an enterprise
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System Landscape Model
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Defines the number of SAP environments to be used , the roles and usage guidelines and sequence of the environments in the transport path. This artifact is key for managing SAP implementations (Build) and effective IT operational deployments of SAP Solutions (Run)
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Tools and Resources to help the SAP Architect - Technology Architecture
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SAP Master Guides SAP Release Strategy Product Availability Matrix (PAM) Scenario Component List (SSL) Product & Production Management System (PPMS)
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What should be used as the main reference for planning and deployment of SAP solutions?
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Master Guides
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Software deployment model is closely associated with and is supported by?
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Instance Strategy
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True of false - the software deplyment model should include a graphical representation of the various instances
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True
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SAP Architecture is like ?
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City Planning - Industry Standards TOGAF
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Business Process Management is like
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House Furnishing - Industry Standards like ITIL
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Solution Architecture is like
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House Designing - Industry Standards like Prince2
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True or False the SAP Architecture should co-exist and integrate with Business Process Management (BPM) principles, standards, approaches and tools
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True
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The focus in SAP Architecture in on identification of
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Business Process (typically found at level 4 or 5 as found in the Process Map Core Artifact developed as part of Business Architecture)
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True or False - It is helpful the same modeling tool to be used for SAP architecture and BPM
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True
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When to handover SAP Architecture to Solution Architecture?
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Gaps in functionality / capability New requirements Application version upgrades Project initiation Phase Project Preparation Phase
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What to handover SAP Architecture to Solution Architecture?
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Relevant SAp Architecture Core Artifacts Complete set of Business requirements Solution Architect Handover Checklist Reference to relevant Principles, Standards, Policies and Guidelines
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Transition architectue focuses on ?
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Delivery of continuous flow of business value over time in support of business objectives
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Core Artifacts - Realization
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Initiative / Goals Map Initiative Footprint Diagram Transformation Roadmap
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Data Equations
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Origins of Data Flows and Data Classification
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Process Execution Equation
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Activities + Variables + Master Data
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Activites + Variables + Master Data =
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Transaction Data (Operational)
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Transaction Data + Measure / Norm =
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Performance Data (Operational & Tactical) (Strategic)
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Transaction Data = MEasure / Norm Equation
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Process Monitoring & Business Management (Strategic Management)
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Data Stakeholders
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Data Owners - Play a key role in the governance of data - i.e safeguard consistence and coherence of data in the organization
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Technology Stakeholders
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Business Process Owners - Key Consumers and Producer of Data
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SAP Architectural Focus on which levels of the process Map?
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Level 1-3
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BPM - Business Process Map focuses on which levels of the Process Map
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Levels 4-5
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Core Artifacts Initiative / Goals Map
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It is critical for the creation of this artifact that there is a formal and well governed Portfolio of Programs and Projects (both in process & planned).
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Core Artifacts Initiaitve / Goals Map usually created when?
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During the annual Planninig and Budget Cycle and is an important C-Level communciation tool - to show alignement with Corporate Goals & Objectives
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Initiaitve Footprint Diagram
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Critical for customers - typically created then rigorously maintained and "ever-greened" rather than being revised once a year. Usually driven from an excel spreadsheet
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Transformation Roadmap
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This Artifact visualizes the major initiatives (typically Programs but may include large projects) that are running and / or planned over the Strategic Planning Period (typically 3-5 years) grouped by Business Unit or Subject Matter (topic). Typically C-Level / Senior Management
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Architecture Tools - Functional Needs Consideration
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Role based Team Collaboration Graphical Modeling Capabilities Info/ Repository Management Framework & Standards Support Analysis & Reporting
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SAP Mappings
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Describe how SAP Architecture Content Metamodel entities relate to entities in SAP tools. This facilitates the Rapid Development of Architecture models and artifacts that are consistent with SAP Product and Reference Architectures
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SAP Architecture Content Metamodel defines
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specific terms for entities used in the SAP Architecture Framework
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SAP Architecture Content Metamodel is desigend to be
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SAP Centric but not SAP exclusive
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SAP Glossary is deigned to be
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SAP Specific and SAP Exclusive
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SAP Glossary defines
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Specific terms used in SAP Products and Services and is based on standard SAP Taxonomy
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Elements critical when setting up an SAP Architecture practice - 5 Dimensions?
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People & Organization Architecture Framework Standards Architecture Tools Integrated Processes Having an Architectural Governance in place is essential to achieve objectives and does not run in isolation
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SAP Architecture is Dependent upon
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Business Strategy & Planning (Plan) CTO / Research & Development (Innovate) Programs & Projects (Build) Service Delivery and Management (Run)
