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a minority group's adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture.

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assimilation

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a law, enacted in 1882, that prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering the United States.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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an African American who migrated from the South to Kansas in the post-Reconstruction years.

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Exodusters

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a law, enacted in 1887, that was intended to "Americanize" Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners;

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Dawes Act

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Decades of mass immigration by settlers had destroyed large swaths of land that displaced, forcing tribes to disperse to find food.

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dispersal of the Plains Indians

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a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

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Ghost Dance

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When a mine was producing, miners were working, mine owners got rich, and towns sprang up near the mine. After the mines stopped producing, a bust happens. The miners and settlers in those towns move on to the next big strike.

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boom and bust of mining towns

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a U.S. law enacted in 1862, that provided 160 acres in the West to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of household and would cultivate the land for 5 years; a law whose passage led to record numbers of U.S. settlers claiming private property which previously had been reserved by treaty and by tradition for Native American nomadic dwelling and use; the same law strengthened in 1889 to encourage individuals to exercise their private property rights and develop homesteads out of the vast government lands.

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Homestead Act

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Range Wars broke out as cattle ranchers fought over branded and unbranded cattle. Barbed wire (invented by Joseph Gliden) allowed owners to close in their cattle.

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end of the open range

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a social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century.

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Patrons of Husbandry/the Grange

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a late-19th century political movement demanding that people have a greater voice in government and seeking to advance the interests of farmers and laborers.

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Populism

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the use of both gold and silver as a basis of a national monetary system.

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bimetallism

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a cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850.

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Bessemer Process

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the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques)

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mass production

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mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it, In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

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assembly line

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a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

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corporations

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the merging of companies that make similar products

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horizontal integration

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a company's taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product

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vertical integration

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Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service.

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monopolies

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Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

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trusts

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Most obscenely rich people involved in Industrialization fall under one of these categories. Robber Barons are people who steal from the public and extort their way to the top. Captains of industry become rich through efficiency and good decisions.

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robber barons vs. captains of industry

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Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons

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Andrew Carnegie

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an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history

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John D. Rockefeller

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Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

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J.P. Morgan

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John D. Rockefeller's comapny, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded age. By 1877 it controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the U.S. It became a target for trust reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.

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Standard Oil Company

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Steel giant that dominated the industry. Run by rags to riches legend Andrew Carnegie who later teamed up with J.P. Morgan to form U.S. Steel, the first billion dollar corporation in 1900.

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Carnegie Steel

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immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe: Italy, Croatia, Greece, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Russia to America due to overpopulation, low wages, unemployment, disease, and religious persecution.

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"new" immigrants of late 19th century and early 20th century

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push - factors that make immigrants want to leave their country ~ examples include economic reasons, overpopulation, religious persecution, and natural disasters pull - factors that make immigrants want to come to the United States ~ examples include America - magic land of opportunity, job opportunities, and family members in the US

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push and pull factors of immigration

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The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.

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Angel Island

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an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States

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Ellis Island

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a city neighborhood in which a certain minority group is pressured or forced to live

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ghettos

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a community center providing assistance to residents-particularly immigrants-in a slum neighborhood. Jane Addams started one of the most famous ones, Hull House, in Chicago.

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settlement houses

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a multi-family urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary.

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tenement housing

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an organized group that controls a political party in a city and offers services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support. Tammany Hall, led by Boss William Tween, was perhaps the most famous machine set in New York City.

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political machines

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a law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

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Sherman Anti-Trust Act

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a law, enacted in 1914, that made certain monopolistic business practices illegal and protected the rights of labor unions and farm organizations.

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Clayton Anti-Trust Act

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Sparked by the Panic of 1893 and 1907, the 1913 Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System, which issued paper money controlled by government banks.

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Federal Reserve Act

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an economic and social philosophy-supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection-holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.

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Social Darwinism

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Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)

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Terence V. Powderly

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United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

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Samuel Gompers

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Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

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Eugene Debs

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one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories

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Knights of Labor

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The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

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American Federation of Labor

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Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

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Industrial Workers of the World

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Large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

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Great Railroad Strike of 1877

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It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

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Homestead Strike

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This was a nonviolent strike which brought about a shut down of western railroads, which took place against the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago in 1894, because of the poor wages of the Pullman workers. It was ended by the president due to the interference with the mail system, and brought a bad image upon unions.

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Pullman Strike

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100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

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Haymarket Square Riot

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In the late 1800s a significant portion of the labor force was made up of children under the age of 15, some as young as 5 years old. These child laborers did not attend school. They worked in sweat shops which were workshops in tenements rather than factories.

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child labor

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machine noise could be deafening, poor lighting and ventilation, frequent fires and accidents were caused by fatigue, faulty equipment, and careless training

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working conditions during the 1800's.

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More than 146 workers died. The owners locked the doors to keep out union organizers and so workers couldn't steal. People started jumping out of the windows it was so bad. The owners were tried for man slaughter but they were found not guilty. After this many laws were made to make the work place safer. New York passed the most strict laws.

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Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire

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Political parties formed in the unity of an international organization with a set beliefs inspired by the writings of Karl Marx. They desired economic and political philosophy favoring public or government control of property and income. Their goal was to end the capitalist system, distribute wealth more equally, and nationalize American industries

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Socialist Party

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a dressmaker in Chicago until a fire destroyed her business. She then devoted her life to the cause of workers. Supported striking railroad workers in Pittsburg, and traveled around the country organizing coal miners and campaigning for improved working conditions. Helped pave the way for reform.

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Mother Jones

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An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). She was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois. She helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours.

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Florence Kelley

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one of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s. People such as Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair exposed many industries that were corrupt.

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muckrakers

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the planned management of natural resources, involving the protection of some wilderness areas and the development of others for the common good.

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conservation

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direct primary, initiative, referendum, recall

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voting reforms

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Alice Paul, Corrie Chapman Catt

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women's suffrage movement

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a law, enacted in 1906, that established strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a federal meat-inspection program.

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Meat Inspection Act

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a law enacted in 1906 to halt the sale of contaminated foods and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling

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Pure Food and Drug Act

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The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

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16th amendment

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The direct election of senators.

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17th amendment

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prohibition of alcohol within the United States

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18th amendment

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Women's suffrage

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19th amendment

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the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People-an organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality.

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NAACP

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26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

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Theodore Roosevelt

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27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

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William Howard Taft

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28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

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Woodrow Wilson

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an early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life.

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Progressive Party/Bull Moose Party

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When the Republican's votes were split between Taft and Roosevelt, the Democrats stayed together and elected Wilson as President. The Republicans had no chance because they had two candidates running.

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election of 1912

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The US wanted a strong military that would have the most powerful weapons. Being economically ahead also meant having a stronger military to secure the transportation of goods and to be ready to fight in disputes., tied to the ideas of social darwinism and nationalism, we must compete with British and Germans

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military expansion

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the use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers.

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yellow journalism

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U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

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annexation of Hawaii

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War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

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Spanish-American War

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Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)

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Panama Canal

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1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

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Great White Fleet

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objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

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Anti-Imperialist League

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a policy, proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China

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Open Door policy

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an extension of the Monroe Doctrine, announced by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, under which the United States claimed the right to protect its economic interests by means of military intervention in the affairs of Western Hemisphere nations.

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Roosevelt Corollary/Big Stick Policy

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the U.S. policy of using the nation's economic power to exert influence over other countries.

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dollar diplomacy

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Term given to governments supported or created by the United States in Central America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests.

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banana republics

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a 1900 rebellion in which members of a Chinese secret society sought to free their country from Western influence

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Boxer Rebellion

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Filipinos were angry after not receiving their promised freedom. Waged guerrilla warfare. Led to a "race war". Put down in 1901 when Aguinaldo was captured by the U.S.

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Philippines Insurrection

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(1910-1920) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

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Mexican Revolution

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Allies - in World War I, the group of nations-originally consisting of Great Britain, France , and Russia and later joined by the U.S., Italy, and others-that opposed the Central Powers. Central Powers -the group of nations-led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire-that opposed the Allies.

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alliances in WWI

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This assassination of Austria's heir apparent was the main spark of World War I.

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assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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the policy of extending a nation's authority over other countries by economic, political, or military means.

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imperialism

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a devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation

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nationalism

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every country started to arm themselves against any possible attack due to the threat of World War.

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militarism during World War I

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the use of submarines to sink without warning any ship (including neutral ships and unarmed passenger liners) found in an enemy's waters.

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unrestricted submarine warfare

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When German submarines sunk an unarmed British ship killing 139 Americans

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sinking of the Lusitania

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A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

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Sussex Pledge

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a message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the United States entered World War I.

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Zimmermann Telegram

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the large-scale movement of African-Americans from the South to Northern cities in the early 20th century.

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Great Migration

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Where people bought bonds so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.

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liberty bonds

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a kind of biased communication designed to influence people's thoughts and actions.

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propaganda

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It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

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Committee on Public Information

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a law, enacted in 1917, that required men to register for military service.

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Selective Service Act

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two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in World War I.

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Espionage Act of 1917

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an agency established during World War I to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries.

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War Industries Board (WIB)

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limits needed to be placed on individual freedoms during the war because what can be said safely during peacetime can be dangerous during wartime.

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Schenk v. United States

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airplanes, automatic weapons, poison gas, tanks

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new weaponry

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military operations in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than an open battlefield.

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trench warfare

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The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

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Bolshevik Revolution

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this man replaced Marshall Fock in commanding the US army and with him the war ended in 9 months/ nick-named because he commanded black soldiers/ he was an AEF

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Gen. John Pershing

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the U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with the Allies in Europe during World War II.

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American Expeditionary Force

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Woodrow Wilson (US president), Georges Clemenceau (French premier), David Lloyd George (British prime minister), Vittorio Orlando (Italian prime minister)

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Big Four

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the principles making up President Woodrow Wilson's plan for world peace following World War I.

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Fourteen Points

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an association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace.

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League of Nations

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the compensation paid by a defeated nation for the damage or injury it inflicted during a war.

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reparations

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a provision in the Treaty of Versailles by which Germany acknowledged that it alone was responsible for World War I.

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war guilt clause

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after World War I, this wasPresident Harding and Coolidge's promise to not get involved. Became the foreign policy slogan

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return to isolationism

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a flowering of African-American artistic creativity during the 1920s, centered in the Harlem community of New York City.

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Harlem Renaissance

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a term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald for the postwar era because the young people were willing to experiment with new forms of recreation and sexuality. The music blended African and European traditions to form a new kind of music

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Jazz Age

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moved into office, sales, and professional jobs- women voted in local and national elections- women were elected to political office- some women became flappers- with bobbed hair, short dresses, wore makeup and smoke and drank in public

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women's changing roles

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a proposed and failed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would have prohibited any government discrimination on the basis of sex.

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Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

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one of the free-thinking young women who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the 1920s.

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flappers

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a person who smuggled alcoholic beverages into the United States during Prohibition.

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bootlegging

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The work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs.

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organized crime

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widespread fear of Communism in the US during the 1920s after the revolution in Russia

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First Red Scare

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Limitations on immigration that were passed by the U.S. government that established preferred immigration of those who were thought to be more "capable" and capable of success in the United States, while limited the immigration of those who were deemed "unnecessary."

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immigration quotas

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favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people.

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nativism

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A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

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Palmer Raids

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Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

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Sacco and Vanzetti case

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led by the NAACP starting in 1909, it lobbied Congress to pass legislation to stop the practice, keeping the issue in the news and helping to reduce the number that took place

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anti-lynching campaign

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laws enacted by Southern states and local governments to separate white and black people in public and private facilities

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Jim Crow laws

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a secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern States after the Civil War.

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Ku Klux Klans

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Many poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business

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Marcus Garvey

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new republican president ;no new radical ideals. Keeping everything normal

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Warren Harding and "normalcy"

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Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

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Calvin Coolidge

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policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the economy that become popular during the 1920's.

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laissez-faire

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a sensational 1925 court case in which the biology teacher John. T. Scopes was tried for challenging a Tennessee law that outlawed the teaching of evolution.

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Scopes Trial

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mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it

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assembly line

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1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

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Henry Ford

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results of the growing popularity of the automobile include changes in American landscape and American architecture and urban sprawl

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effects of automobiles on society

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refrigerator, vacuum cleaners, washing machines

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electrical appliances

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advertising and buying on credit

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growth of consumer economy

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New weapon of World War I used for watching troop movements and bombing enemy targets

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airplane

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Includes flappers, jazz, automobiles, airplanes during the 1920's

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growth of national culture

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Makes entertainment available to a wider selection of audience. Because it becomes cheaper.

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motion pictures

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emerged during the 1920s and contained stations such as church services, news, music and sports

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radio

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wealthy didn't spend their money...poor didn't have money to spend, Top 5% had 30% income, bottom 60% only 26%, nearly 80% had no savings, .1% had 34% of all savings, crash→undermined confidence, spending, and investment of businesses and well-to-do→decreased prod and layoffs→further declines in consumer spending and more production cutbacks

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unequal distribution of wealth

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Inflation and overproduction lowered the prices of agriculture. One cause of the Great Depression

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weaknesses in agricultural sector

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A condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them. One cause of the Great Depression

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overproduction

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Money people owe to banks or stores for goods they have purchased. One cause of the Great Depression

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consumer debt

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an involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

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speculation

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the purchasing of stocks by paying only a small percentage of the price and borrowing the rest.

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buying on margin

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The Stock Market Crash was when, flooded with investments (particularly those buying "on margin, or paying a fraction of the total price or a transaction and the broker lending the trader the rest), the Stock Market crashed after those who bought on margin were forced to either put up more money or sell their stock, choosing to sell. Thousands of people sold their stocks at once, and a financial panic ensued.

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stock market crash

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Bad bank loans drained cash out of peoples' savings accounts; depositors later demanded their cash, which banks no longer held, caused banks go bankrupt (fail)

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bank failures

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situation that occurs when people do not have jobs but are actively seeking employment. An effect of the Great Depression.

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unemployment

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An economic situation that occurs when ordinary farmers and workers do not have money to continue purchasing products.

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underconsumption

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a law, enacted in 1930, that established the highest protective tariff in U.S. History , worsening the depression in America and abroad

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Hawley-Smoot Tariff

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the region, including Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico, that was made worthless for farming by drought and dust storms during the 1930's.

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dust bowl

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a group of World War I veterans and their families who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of a bonus they had been promised for military service.

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Bonus Army

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an agency established in 1932 to provide emergency financing to banks, life-insurance companies, railroads, and other large businesses.

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Reconstruction Finance Company

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an agency, established as part of the New Deal, that put young unemployed men to work building roads, developing parks, planting trees, and helping in erosion-control and flood-control projects.

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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

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a law enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus lowering production.

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Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

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a federal corporation established in 1933 to construct dams and power plants in the Tennessee Valley region to generate electricity as well as to prevent floods.

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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

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an agency created in 1933 to insure individuals' bank accounts, protecting people against losses due to bank failures.

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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

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an agency, created in 1934, that monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds.

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Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

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an informal network of black officeholders in the federal government; led by Mary McLeod Bethune, William Hastie, and Robert Weaver, they pushed for economic and political opportunities for African Americans in the 1930s and 1940s.

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Black Cabinet

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New Deal program that employed men and women to build hospitals, schools, parks, and airports; employed artists, writers, and musicians as well

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Works Progress Administration (WPA)

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a law enacted in 1935 to aid in preventing unfair labor practices and to mediate disputes between workers and management.

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National Labor Relations Act/Wagner Act

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a law enacted in 1935 to provide aid to retirees, the unemployed, people with disabilities, and families with dependent children.

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Social Security Act

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Plan in which FDR proposed 6 judges to be added to Supreme Court because justices were overworked and over 70 years of age; plan was heavily criticized; Result: Plan rejected -> Court began to accept New Deal Legislation; some Supreme Court Judges retired and were replaced by pro-New Deal judges

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Supreme Court packing plan

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President Franklin Roosevelt's program to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression, focusing on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform.

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New Deal

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a period, lasting from 1929-1940, in which the U.S. economy was in severe decline and millions of Americans were unemployed.

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Great Depression

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The great rulers and countries excluding germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

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Paris Peace Conference

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the 1919 peace treaty at the end of World War I which established new nations, borders, and war reparations.

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Treaty of Versailles

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The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

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Progressivism

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a political philosophy that advocates a strong, centralized, nationalistic government headed by a powerful dictator.

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fascism

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the political philosophy -based on extreme nationalism, racism, and militaristic expansionism-that Adolf Hitler put into practice in Germany from 1933-1945.

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Nazism

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characteristic of a political system in which government exercises complete control over its citizens' lives.

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totalitarianism

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the granting of concessions to a hostile power in order to keep the peace.

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appeasement

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1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

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Munich Conference

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the group of nations-Germany, Italy, and Japan- that opposed the Allies in World War II.

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Axis power aggression

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an agreement in which two nations promise not to go to war with each other.

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Non-Aggression pact

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Isolationism refers to America's longstanding reluctance to become involved in European alliances and wars. Isolationists held the view that America's perspective on the world was different from that of European societies and that America could advance the cause of freedom and democracy by means other than war.

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U.S. isolationism

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a series of laws enacted in 1935 and 1936 to prevent U.S. arms sales and loans to nations at war.

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Neutrality Acts

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A speech that proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of US war materials and justified such a policy because it was a defense of "four freedoms." Addressed to the Congress on January 6, 1941.

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"Four-Freedoms" speech

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a law, passed in 1941, that allowed the United States to ship arms and other supplies, without immediate payment, to nations fighting the Axis powers.

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Lend-Lease Act

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the bombing on this port sparked U.S. involvement in World War II.

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Pearl Harbor

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Federal agency formed to coordinate issues related to war production during World War II

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Office of War Mobilization

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an agency established by Congress to control inflation during World War II.

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Office of Price Administration

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a government's spending of more money than it receives in revenue

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deficit spending

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a kind of biased communication designed to influence people's thoughts and actions.

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propaganda

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a restriction of people's right to buy unlimited amounts of particular foods and other goods, often implemented during wartime to ensure adequate supplies for the military.

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rationing

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Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort

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victory gardens

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People bought them to support the war Buy them, then you would turn them in after the war and get your money back

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war bond drives

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A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

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Rosie the Riveter

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The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

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Double V campaign

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In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

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Executive Order 8802

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an interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities.

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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

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America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries.

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A. Philip Randolph

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all black unit of fighter pilots. trained in Tuskegee Alabama. won many awards for bravery and never lost a single pilot

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Tuskegee Airmen

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Indians who transmitted messages in their native languages; languages which the Germans and Japanese could not understand

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code talkers

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This allowed Chinese to Immigrate for the first time since Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

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1943 repeal of Chinese Exclusion Act

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a series of riots in 1943 during World War II that exploded in Los Angeles, California, between white sailors and Marines stationed throughout the city and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored; the effect of the infamous Sleepy Lagoon murder which involved the death of a young Latino man in a barrio near Los Angeles; triggered other similar attacks in other places

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Zoot-Suit Riots of 1943

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the confinement or a restriction in movement during World War II, confining Japanese-Americans to reservations guarded by the military.

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Japanese internment

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1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

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Korematsu V. United States

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Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain and the US to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war. 1939-1945

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Battle of the Atlantic

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A 1942-1943 battle of World War II, in which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union thanks to harsh winter; turning point of war in Eastern Europe

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Battle of Stalingrad

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Attempt to get Germans out of North Africa; Patton vs. Rommell; pushed Germans out of Tunisia back up into Italy. Known as Operation Torch.

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North Africa Campaign

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a name given to June 6, 1944-the day on which the Allies launched an invasion of the European mainland during World War II.

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D-Day

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a World War II battle that took place in early June 1942. The Allies decimated the Japanese fleet at Midway, an island lying northwest of Hawaii. The Allies then took the offensive in the Pacific and began to move closer to Japan.

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Battle of Midway

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Allied victory over Japan on an island 350 miles from mainland Japan; March-June 1945

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Battle of Okinawa

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the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.

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island hopping

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involving or engaging in the deliberate crashing of a bomb-filled airplane into a military target

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kamikaze pilots

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the U.S. program to develop an atomic bomb for use in World War II.

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Manhattan Project

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(FDR following death) nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

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Tehran Conference

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FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

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Yalta Conference

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The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

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Potsdam Conference

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the systematic murder-or genocide-of Jews and other groups in Europe by the Nazis before and during World War II.

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Holocaust

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the court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes.

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Nuremburg Trials

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a 1941 declaration of principles in which the United States and Great Britain set forth their goals in opposing the Axis powers.

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Atlantic Charter

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Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin; leaders who met between 1943 and 1945 to coordinate attacks on Germany and Japan, and later to discuss plans for postwar Europe and settlement of Germany. After the war, their armies occupied Germany, each with a separate zone, although governed as a single economic unit.

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the Big Three

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Served a military leader and president from 1952 to 1960. He commanded Allied forces in Europe during WW II. He led the British-American invasion of North Africa, defeating Rommel's Africa Korps in 1943. He commanded Allied forces on D-Day. He ran for president as a Rep. in 1952 and served two terms. He negotiated an end to the Korean War. He favored gradual domestic change. He ordered troops in Little Rock, Ark. To keep peace when the high school racially integrated, and signed the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960.

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Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower

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During the Korean War, he was commander of Allied Forces in the South Pacific during World War II and of UN forces in Korea. He lead the American, British, and South Korean forces. MacArthur fought up until the Yalu River by the Chinese border. Truman told him to only use Korean forces in case China got involved. However MacArthur did not follow orders and sent US, British and Korean forces to fight. The Chinese responded heavily and the troops were pushed back to the 38th parallel. Truman was extremely upset and dismissed MacArthur. Some believe that MacArthur was the reason that the US failed to "liberate" North Korea. Also MacArthur, while back in the states, was always publicly dismissing Truman's ideas.

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Gen. Douglas MacArthur

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Admiral in the Battle of Midway, He commanded the American fleet in the Pacific Ocean and learned the Japanese plans through "magic" decoding of their radio messages-led to his victory over them

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Adm. Chester Nimitz

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33rd president of the United States. He assumed the presidency at the death of FDR in 1945 and served until 1953. Under his leadership the United States saw the end of the Second World War with the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Japan and also the establishment of the Truman Doctrine for foreign policy, which seeks to limit the spread of Communism.

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Harry S. Truman

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an international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the world belong, founded in 1945 to promote world peace, security, and economic development.

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United Nations

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the blocking of another nation's attempts to spread its influence-especially the efforts of the United States to block the spread of Soviet influence during the late 1940s and early 1950s.

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containment

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the policy of making the military power of the US and its allies so strong that no enemy would attack for fear of retaliation

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deterrence

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the idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will also fall under communist control.

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domino theory

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a phrase used by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe an imaginary line that separated Communist countries in the Soviet bloc of Eastern Europe from countries in Western Europe.

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"Iron Curtain" speech

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a U.S. policy, announced by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, of providing economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents.

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Truman Doctrine

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the program, proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, under which the United States supplied economic aid to European nations to help them rebuild after World War II.

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Marshall Plan

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a 327-day operation in which U.S. and British planes flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blockaded the city in 1948.

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Berlin Airlift

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization - a defensive military alliance formed in 1949 by ten Western European countries, the United States, and Canada.

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NATO

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a military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites.

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Warsaw Pact

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a revolution led by Mao Zedong and the Red Guards whose focus was to establish a society in which all people were equal, also called the Cultural Revolution. The next leader, Chang Ki-Shek followed along with this tradition.

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Communist China

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a conflict between North Korea and South Korea, lasting from 1950 to 1953, in which the United States, along with other UN countries, fought on the side of the South Koreans and China fought on the side of the North Koreans.

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Korean War

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July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

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Suez Crisis

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First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

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Sputnik

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Post-World War II Red Scare focused on the fear of Communists in U.S. government positions; peaked during the Korean War and declined soon thereafter, when the U.S. Senate censured Joseph McCarthy, who had been a major instigator of the hysteria.

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Second Red Scare

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a congressional committee that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the U.S. government in the years following World War II.

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House Un-American Activities Committee

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ten witnesses from the film industry who refused to cooperate with HUAC's investigation of Communist influence in Hollywood.

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Hollywood Ten

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Also called the Labor Management Relations Act. This act was Congress' response to the abuse of power. Outlawed closed shops; prohibited unions' unfair labor practices, and forced unions to bargain in good faith.

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Taft-Hartley Act of 1947

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President Harry S. Truman's economic program-an extension of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal-which included measures to increase the minimum wage, to extend social security coverage, and to provide housing for low-income families.

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Fair Deal

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the attacks, often unsubstantiated, by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people suspected of being Communists in the early 1950's.

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McCarthyism

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Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

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military-industrial complex

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Many scientists and military leaders believed that control of space would be very important. Consequently, the USA and USSR invested billions of dollars in developing satellites, space stations, rockets, etc. This investment led to great scientific advances, but also caused friction and insecurities.

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space race

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the downing of a U.S. spy plane and capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in 1960.

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U-2 incident

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in 1961, an attempt by Cuban exiles in southern Cuba to overthrow the Cuban socialist government of Fidel Castro; the effort was funded by the U.S. and was famously disastrous

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Bay of Pigs invasion

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the practice of threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for any aggression.

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brinkmanship

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An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

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a concrete wall that separated East Berlin and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989, built by the Communist East German government to prevent its citizens from fleeing to the West.

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Berlin Wall

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the 1963 treaty in which the United States and the Soviet Union agreed not to conduct nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere.

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Limited Test Ban Treaty

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the idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will also fall under communist control.

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domino theory

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a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

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Vietnam War

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The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

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a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities early in 1968.

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Tet Offensive

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a village in northern South Vietnam where more than 200 unarmed civilians, including women and children, were massacred by U.S. troops in May 1968.

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My Lai Massacre

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President Nixon's strategy for ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, involving the gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops and their replacement with South Vietnamese forces.

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Vietnamization

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The neighboring nation of South Vietnam that the U.S. bombed and invaded in 1970 to clear out Communist camps there. The actions brought chaos and civil war to Cambodia as well as a fresh wave of protests in America

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Cambodia

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a law enacted in 1973, limiting a president's right to send troops into battle without consulting Congress.

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War Powers Act

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name given by President Richard Nixon to the moderate, mainstream Americans who quietly supported his Vietnam War policies.

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silent majority

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the flexible policy, involving a willingness to negotiate and an easing of tensions, that was adopted by President Richard Nixon and his adviser Henry Kissinger in their dealings with communist nations.

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detente

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Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas; anti communist guerrillas received support from US and GB; USSR withdrew→ communist party remained in power

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Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

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the sharp increase in the U.S. birthrate following World War II.

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baby boomers

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a name given to the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, a 1944 law that provided financial and educational benefits for World War II veterans.

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GI Bill

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the culture of the young people who rejected mainstream American society in the 1960s seeking to create an alternative society based on peace, love, and individual freedom.

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counterculture

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President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

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War on Poverty

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a program, established in 1965, that provides health insurance for people on welfare.

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Medicaid

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a federal program, established in 1965, that provides hospital insurance and low-cost medical insurance to Americans aged 65 and over.

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Medicare

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The mission is a decent, safe and sanitary home and suitable living environment for every citizen.

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Department of Housing

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Cabinet department responsible for insuring mortgages and providing housing subsidies. Established in 1965

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Housing and Urban Development

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an antiestablishment New Left group, founded in 1960, that called for greater individual freedom and responsibility.

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Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

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10,000 anti-Vietnam war demonstrators converged on Chicago to pressure the democrats to take up an anti-war platform; this protest turned violent when police started to run off the protesters.

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Democratic Party Convention 1968 anti-war protests

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an Ohio university where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4, 1970, wounding nine and killing four.

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Kent State

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Black Mississippi College, anti war demonstrators seize womens dorm, unprovoked state police open fire, kill 2 (innocent & unarmed, wound 12)

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Jackson State

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driven by feminism, women protested an marched to confront social and economic barriers in American society.

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women's rights movement

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1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

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Betty Friedan

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a proposed and failed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would have prohibited any government discrimination on the basis of sex.

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Equal Rights Amendment

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an organization founded in 1966 to pursue feminist goals, such as better childcare facilities, improved educational opportunities, and an end to job discrimination.

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National Organization for Women

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the widespread realization that pollution and over consumption were damaging the environment in the 1960s, followed by activism in the 1970s.

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environmental movement

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a frequently militant organization that was formed in 1968 to work for Native American rights.

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American Indian movement

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1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

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Cesar Chavez

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a 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" education for black and white students was unconstitutional.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS

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United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

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Rosa Parks

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In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city buses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

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An African-American Civil Right's Activist who was peaceful. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his cause. He was assasinated in 1968 in Tennesee, nobel peace prize for nonviolent leadership. youngest man in history to recieve that award, civil rights activist who delivered the famous "I Have a Dream" speech and also won the Nobel Peace Prize

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Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

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an organization formed in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and other leaders to work for civil rights through nonviolent means.

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

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incident in which nine African-American students were prevented from attending Little Rock Central High in 1957 during the Civil Rights Movement.

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Little Rock Nine

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African American protesters sat down at segregated lunch counters and refused to leave until they were served.

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lunch counter sit-ins

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an organization formed in 1960 to coordinate sit-ins and other protests and to give young blacks a larger role in the civil rights movement.

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

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Freedom Riders rode in interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the ruling of unsegregated public places

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Freedom Rides

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James Meredith was denied by the UoM and the governor of MS (Ross Barnett) upheld the decision. President JFK thought southern governors were testing his authority and sent federal troops to allow Meredith into the campus and university. Riots ensued and a few people were killed. Meredith even graduated there.

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University of Mississippi integration

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A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism.

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"Letter from Birmingham Jail"

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Many people met at the Lincoln memorial in support for bill on civil rights. This is where Martin Luther King Jr. made his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

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March on Washington of 1963

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abolition of poll taxes

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24th amendment

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a 1964 project to register African-American voters in Mississippi.

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Freedom Summer

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a law that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin, or religion in public places and most workplaces

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Bloody Sunday"-Three marches for voting rights, police beat marchers and used tear gas against them; violence was shown on TV

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Selma Marches

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a law that made it easier for African-Americans to register to vote by eliminating discriminatory literacy tests and authorizing federal examiners to enroll voters denied at the local level.

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

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Black Muslim leader who said Blacks needed to have separate society from whites, but later changed his views. He was assasinated in 1965.

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Malcolm X

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a slogan used by Stokely Carmichael in the 1960s that encouraged African-American pride and political and social leadership

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black power

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a militant African-American political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and to provide services in the ghetto.

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Black Panther Party

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Migration of African Americans to northern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North. Two famous race riots occurred in Harlem, Watts

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race riots

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racial segregation established by law

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de jure segregation

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racial separation established by practice and custom, not by law.

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de facto segregation

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the concept that desegregated busing would lead to desegregated school. Forced busing would force integration within the schools.

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desegregation busing

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a policy that seeks to correct the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups who were previously disadvantaged.

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affirmative action

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Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in Eastern Europe.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

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President, 1981-1989, who led a conservative movement against détente with the Soviet Union and the growth of the federal government; some people credit him with America's victory in the Cold War while others fault his insensitive social agenda and irresponsible fiscal policies.

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Ronald Reagan

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The first non-communist union party in Poland. It was led by Lech Walesa and, unlike Prague Spring, it was not suppressed by the USSR government.

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Poland's Solidarity Movement

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a proposed defense-system-popularly known as Star Wars-intended to protect the United States against missile attacks.

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Strategic Defense Initiative

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a 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union that eliminated some weapons systems and allowed for on-site inspection of military installations

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Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

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the open discussion of social problems that was permitted in the Soviet Union in the 1980's.

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glasnost

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the restructuring of the economy and the government instituted in the Soviet Union in the 1980's.

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perestroika

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process in which German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and Berlin was united into a single city

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German reunification

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the site of 1989 demonstrations in Beijing, China, in which Chinese students demanded freedom of speech and a greater voice in government.

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Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

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weakening of the Soviet government led to a series of events, gradual process that took place from about 19 January 1990 to 31 December 1991

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dissolution of Soviet Union

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Republican, former director of CIA, oil company founder/owner, foreign policy (Panama, Gulf War), raised taxes even though said he wouldn't, more centrist than his son, NAFTA negotiation.

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George H.W. Bush

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42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached; scandal with White House intern Monica Lewinsky and Whitewater business faults

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Bill Clinton

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2000 and 2004; Republican; 9/11 terrorist attack invade Afghanistan and Iraq; economy: huge tax cuts, 2007-great recession; No Child Left Behind, Medicare prescription drug benefits, Hurricane Katrina disaster

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George W. Bush

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Illinois Senator who won the presidency in 2008, first African-American President, advocate for universal healthcare, an end to the Iraqi War, and economic recovery.

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Barack Obama

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political action for religion justified by decreased presence of religion in society; Pat Robertson's Christian Coalition to expand national influence.

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Religious Right

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"Read my lips: No new taxes."

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1988 Bush campaign

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Overall economic benefit to Mexico. Lower poverty rates, increases in wages. Benefits however were concentrated up North only. US's trade w/Canada up 129% and with others up 123%.

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effects of NAFTA

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during a standoff with the Republican controlled Congress over the national budget, President Bill Clinton shut down the federal government to stand his ground on the issue. Earned a second term by doing this.

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federal government shutdown of 1995-1996

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Result of a political sex scandal emerging from a sexual relationship between United States President Bill Clinton and a 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Impeached for perjury.

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Clinton impeachment

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Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush

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election of 2000

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Barack Obama vs. John McCain. 365 electoral votes to Obama, 173 electoral votes to McCain

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election of 2008

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An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.

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Human Genome Project

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The relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries

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digital divide

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the PLO; terrorist group. political & military organization regarded as the sole representative of the Palestinian people; Political party and organization that fought for Palestinian rights

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Palestinian Liberation Organization

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an economic association of oil-producing nations that is able to set oil prices.

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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

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the conflicts between the Arabs (specifically the Palestinians) and the Israelis; includes Suez War, Six Day War, Yom Kippur War

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Arab-Israeli conflicts

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Arab oil-producing nations halted the flow of oil to nations that supported Israel. Severely threatened European and world economy, so dependent on Middle East oil.

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oil embargo of 1973

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historic agreements between Israel and Egypt, reached in negotiations at Camp David in 1978.

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Camp David Accords

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Iranian Revolution, Shah was overthrown by the Ayatollah so oil was restricted.

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oil crisis of 1979

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In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

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Iran hostage crisis

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A war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders.

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Persian Gulf War

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NATO members -goal: remove Ben Laden, Al Qaeda and the Taliban government that supports them

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war in Afghanistan

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Also known as war on terror , Began in 2003 Saddam Hussein was said to have Weapons of Mass Destruction; none were found.

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war in Iraq

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series of rebellions started in 2010- overthrow several oppressions in the Middle East by the government, revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests occurring in the Arab world.

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Arab Spring

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a 7,000 page document-leaked to the press in 1971 by the former Defense Department worker Daniel Ellsberg-revealing that the U.S. government had not been honest about is intentions in the Vietnam War.

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Pentagon Papers

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a scandal arising from the Nixon administration's attempt to cover up its involvement in the 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex.

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Watergate scandal

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An area in Niagara Falls, NY where seepage from buried toxic wastes contaminated local soil and water. In 1968, President Carter relocated almost all the residents of Love Canal. This incident provided impetus for the 1980 Superfund legislation.

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Love Canal

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President Reagan authorized the off-the-books sale of stolen weapons from the Pentagon to Iran in order to fund the Nicaraguan Contras; Congress had forbidden him to use government funds to support the Contras; helped keep Iraq from winning the Iraq-Iran War (did not want a Middle Eastern superpower); very illegal (Iran was considered a terrorist state) and almost caused Reagan to be impeached.

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Iran-Contra Affair

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law professor Anita Hill accused Thomas of sexual harassment when she worked for him in the 1980s. Thomas won approval to the Supreme Court by a vote of 52-48.

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Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearing

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Don't ask, don't tell (DADT) is the common term for the policy restricting the United States military from efforts to discover or reveal closeted gay, lesbian, and bisexual service members or applicants, while barring those who are openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual from military service.

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"Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy

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after Clinton confessed before a jury that he and Lewinsky had an improper relationship, the prospect of impeachment became an issue, especially in the congressional elections. The House narrowly approved 2 counts of impeachment; lying to the grand jury and obstructing justice, and the matter moved to the Senate where a trial continued for weeks without generating any significant public support. It ended with a decisive acquittal of the president.

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Clinton impeachment

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Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq; greater US involvement in world affairs, especially Middle East; massive defense budgets and active diplomacy

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response to 9/11

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FEMA's unwillingness to accept initial help from non-government organizations led to slow response after Hurricane Katrina hit. The federal government seemed to lack information about the entirely of destruction.

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response to Hurricane Katrina

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The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren.

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Engel v. Vitale

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The 1963 Supreme Court decision holding that anyone accused of a felony where imprisonment may be imposed, however poor he or she might be, has a right to a lawyer. "You have a right to a lawyer. If you can not afford one, one will be appointed to you."

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Gideon v. Wainwright

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1964--Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.

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Escobedo v. Illinois

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1964-- A public official or public figure suing a publisher for libel must prove that the publisher published the libelous story knowing it was false

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New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

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14th amendment requires state legislative districts reflect fair "one person, one vote" rule

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Reynolds v. Sims

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married couple wanted to get contraceptives; struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives; established the right of privacy through the 4th and 9th amendment

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Griswold v. Connecticut

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Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. Miranda rights.

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Miranda v. Arizona

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legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

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Roe v. Wade

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Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.

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Oklahoma City bombing

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Navy boat that was bombed off coast of Yemen by Al-Qaeda

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USS Cole bombing

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a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

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al-Qaeda

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Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

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Osama bin Laden

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a group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996

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Taliban

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US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism

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Department of Homeland Security

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*TSA put in place directly after the 9/11 attacks to protect another national terrorist attack on a plane. *TSA is apart of the Department of Homeland Security

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Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

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This contraversial 2001 law allows anti-terrorism authorities to monitor e-mail and Internet traffic in order to prevent terrorist attacks. The government argues that cyberspace is public domain and that no warrants should be needed to access information.

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Patriot Act

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US Military base in Cuba that contains mostly suspected terrorists.

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Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

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