question

Why didn't the English, French, and Dutch not explore during the 16th century?

answer

they were having religious wars and other problems at home

question

What did the Dutch, English, and French encourage their merchants and bankers to do and how?

answer

to invest in overseas commerce, by granting charters to new "joint stock" companies specializing in trading and colonization, by creating low risk investments, and by easier access to marine insurance- only a small number of Spanish and Portuguese could monopolize abroad

question

When did English, French, and Dutch exploration start?

answer

1497

question

What did explorers first look for?

answer

a northwest passage to Asia around North America- they failed

question

What valuable materials did explorers find in North America?

answer

timber, furs, and fish

question

Where was there forced labor in 1652 in mines with harsh conditions?

answer

Peru

question

Who rounds up the slave miners in Peru?

answer

Corregidor of Potosi

question

What animals did Amerindians have before Columbus?

answer

dogs, turkeys, ducks, alpacas, and llamas

question

What animals did Europeans introduce?

answer

sheep, goats, swine, cattle, and horses

question

Who drew The Potato Eaters of a Dutch peasant family?

answer

Van Gogh

question

Where did the economic benefits of potato and maize farming start industrial revolution?

answer

the British Isles

question

How did EFD attack Portugal and Spain?

answer

they smuggled goods and slaves into Spanish colonies- the interlopers attacked Spanish and Portuguese ships with riches on them

question

What were they two types of pirates?

answer

buccaneers and marauders- raided Spanish silver fleets and attacked Caribbean ports

question

What did EFD do in the mid-17th century?

answer

attempted to conquer the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Western Hemisphere- they captured a number of small islands in the West Indes

question

What did the EFD do with their new islands?

answer

they used them to farm sugar and tobacco- transported slaves from West Africa to work the land

question

What type of trade did the Dutch, Swedes, ad French want to have with the Amerindians?

answer

fur trade

question

What type of colony did the English establish in 1607 on the East Coast of North America?

answer

"New Europes"- large numbers of European settlers set up replicas of European society- killed off Amerindians

question

What were the motives behind the creation of New Europes?

answer

fur trade, finding/ growing gold, silver, silk, spices, and tea, outflanking the Spanish, converting Amerindians to Christianity, and removing bad people from England (called "boosters")

question

What were the natural products north of Chesapeake Bay?

answer

timber, fish, grain, and meat- England only wanted timber- food sent to Caribbean

question

What were the natural products south of Chesapeake Bay?

answer

tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton- many slaves imported

question

What empires flourished in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries?

answer

Ottoman (Sunni Islam) and Safavid (Shi'i Islam)- both had authoritarian government and Islamic culture

question

Where did the Ottomans capture?

answer

Balkans, Hungary, eastern Mediterranean and north African Arab lands

question

What Ottoman attempts failed?

answer

failed to take Vienna and destroy Safavid power

question

Who was the best Ottoman ruler?

answer

Suleiman the Magnificent

question

Who was the best Safavid ruler?

answer

Shah Abbas

question

Where did Shah Abbas create his capital?

answer

Isfahan

question

What industry did the Safavids control?

answer

silk

question

Where was the center of the renaissance?

answer

Italy

question

What happened in Europe in the 16th and 17th century?

answer

renaissance spread to northern Europe- humanism, drama, writing

question

What developed in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries?

answer

monarchies- centralized and overcame nobles

question

What happened in the Church in the 16th century?

answer

reformation

question

What happened in East Africa?

answer

Africans and Arabs drove out Protuguese

question

What happened in South Africa?

answer

Dutch established a permanent colony

question

Which king of Angola fought against the slave trade?

answer

King Nzinga of Angola

question

What are key characteristics of Iberia?

answer

paternalistic government, aristocratic privilege, and mercantilist economics

question

When did the Dutch first appear in Southeast Asia?

answer

16th century

question

What is an early example of commercial espionage?

answer

in 1595 a Dutchman published a manual on sailing to the eastern seas

question

Who traded with the Dutch in Southeast Asia?

answer

Muslim rulers- because the Dutch were not trying to convert them like the Portuguese were

question

Where do the Dutch massacre the English in 1622, turning England's focus on India?

answer

Amboyna

question

What did the Dutch government give the United Dutch East India Company in 1602?

answer

granted it a charter and gave it monopoly rights to trade, make treasuries, and establish forts in lands bordering the Indian and Pacific Oceans- it became the largest commercial enterprise in the world

question

What type of trade did the Dutch want to monopolize in?

answer

spice trade

question

What did the Dutch do to gain complete control of the spice trade?

answer

they launched a systematic war of attrition against the Portuguese, which culminated in the fall of Malacca in 1640

question

What did the Dutch do in 1623 that ended English trade in the East Indies?

answer

the massacre of an entire staff of an English trading post- originally, English and Dutch allied against Portugal

question

Where did the Dutch expel the Portuguese from in 1658?

answer

Ceylon

question

What was the significance of Ceylon?

answer

it was a way station and the sole producer of cinnamon- Dutch now had control of spice trade from Asia to Europe

question

Where were the Dutch Asian administrative and governing headquarters?

answer

Batavia (present day Jakarta) on the island of Java- it was heavily guarded

question

Who supervised trade, defense, and administration at Java?

answer

the governor-general and an advisory council

question

What were the Dutch mainly interested in in the 17th century?

answer

trade- not colonization or direct territorial control

question

What did the Dutch do to continue their trade dominance?

answer

Dutch ships patrolled sea lanes and controlled important ports, they eliminated rivals, they exacted a tariff on all traffic, maintained the Dutch monopoly on spies wanted by Europeans, they intervened in local wars to help friendly rulers

question

How did the Dutch maintain their European lifestyles in the tropical climate of Asia?

answer

wore heavy woolen clothes, seldom bathed, lived in Dutch-style houses with windows tightly closed, ate heavy European meals, drank large quantities of gin, beer, and wine, died prematurely, and did not learn the native language

question

What did the Dutch speak instead of native Asian languages?

answer

a form of debased Portuguese that long remained the international trading language of Southeast Asia

question

What happened when many Dutch women refused to move from the Netherlands to the East Indies?

answer

Dutch men formed unions with local women, a shortage of Dutch immigrants caused the company to encourage Chinese and Japanese immigrants

question

What qualities of the Japanese and the Chinese did the Dutch like?

answer

business skill of Chinese merchants and fighting qualities of Japanese samurai

question

What did Japanese laws do in the early 17th century?

answer

cut off fresh supplies of immigrants

question

Why was there a large influx of southern Chinese refugees in the late 17th century?

answer

they were fleeing the Manchu conquest of China- spurred the economic development of Java

question

Where did the Netherlands establish an outpost and oust a Portuguese garrison?

answer

Taiwan- held this until expelled in the mid-17th century by China

question

What animal did local Taiwan people respect and why?

answer

the gecko because they alerted Chinese forces of a Dutch night attack

question

Which power had overtaken the Dutch by the late-17th century?

answer

British power

question

Where did Dutch control continue?

answer

Java- established plantations to grow export-oriented commercial crops- many local rulers allied with the Dutch to exploit the peasants

question

What were the most important commercial crops?

answer

coffee- from Arabia sugarcane- from China indigo- for dye-making tea- from China

question

Who was Lieutenant Governor of Java under a British administration who reformed some of the abuses of Dutch rule?

answer

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

question

In which war did the French and Dutch fight against Britain?

answer

The American War of Independence- Britain lost colonies but became dominant naval power

question

When did war break out between France and the Netherlands against Britain and other European powers?

answer

1793

question

Where did Britain seize Dutch outposts and when?

answer

Cape of Good Hope and Malacca- 1795 Ceylon- 1796 Java- 1811

question

Which administrator of the British East India Company ruled Java between 1811 and 1816 and instituted many liberal reforms, including the ending of forced delivery of cash crops?

answer

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

question

What did Raffles commission?

answer

the first archaeological survey of Borobudur, a huge ancient Buddhist monument on Java

question

When and why were the Dutch possessions in the East Indies returned to the Netherlands?

answer

1816 in the territorial settlement that ended the Napoleonic Wars

question

What did Raffles purchase from a Malay prince in 1819?

answer

Singapore, a fishing village that had a deep-water port and was strategically located to control trade between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it attracted many Chinese settlers, thriving international trade port, became a major British naval base

question

From Singapore, where did Britain extend its control?

answer

Malaya

question

Where did Britain control in Southeast Asia?

answer

Island of Borneo

question

What job did most people in Southeast Asia have?

answer

most were subsistence farmers

question

What activity produced food that supplemented the diet?

answer

fishing

question

What did most people wear in Southeast Asia?

answer

a blouse and a sarong or wrap made of locally woven or traded cotton or silk cloths

question

What are locally made tie-dyed and intricately woven cloths that were made into blouses and sarongs called?

answer

ikat

question

What was housing like in Southeast Asia?

answer

simple houses, open sides to allow ventilation, raised to stilts to avoid insects and flooding

question

What did Southeast Asians do to get away from harsh European farming conditions?

answer

ran away- caused labor shortages

question

How did the British solve the problem of their labor shortages?

answer

they encouraged Chinese and Indians to immigrate to their colonies- they were more willing to endure plantation farming and had good business skills

question

What religion did Filipinos convert to?

answer

Roman Catholicism

question

What religion did most Southeast Asians remain?

answer

Buddhist and Muslim

question

Where were Southeast Asians Hindus?

answer

in Bali in the East Indies

question

What religion did Chinese immigrants remain?

answer

Buddhist and Confucianist

question

What religion were most Indian immigrants?

answer

Hindu

question

What was the main motive for European expansion?

answer

commercial gain and thirst for scientific knowledge

question

What was the age in the 17th and 18th centuries in which there was in increased interest in science?

answer

the Age of Newton

question

Where did Europeans concentrate on in the 18th century?

answer

Pacific

question

What advancement allowed navigators to calculate the correct longitude in determining a ship's location?

answer

chronometer

question

Under Cook, where did European ships stop?

answer

Hawaii, Tahiti, and other South Pacific islands

question

Which explorers discovered Australia?

answer

Captain James Cook (British) and Abel Tasman (Dutch)

question

What does Australia mean?

answer

Southern Land

question

What is Australia's climate?

answer

coastal eastern Australia- moderate climate suitable for European settlement south Australia- Europeans began to detect the frozen continent of Antarctica

question

What sources of wealth was found in the offshore waters of Australia/ Antarctica?

answer

whales and seals (oil and pelts were in great demand in China)

question

Where did Europeans explore and find more whales, seals, and sea otters?

answer

the North Pacific and its North American and Asian shore-lines

question

In 1728, which Danish explorer in the employ of Peter the Great found that Asia and North America were separated by a body of water?

answer

Vitus Bering

question

When and how was Cook killed?

answer

1779, in a skirmish with the Hawaiians

question

What did several nations compete for in the 18th century?

answer

control of lucrative furs on the Pacific coast of North America

question

Where did the Spanish set up forts?

answer

California (and made claims northward as far as Alaska)

question

Who were the Spanish threatened by?

answer

Russian traders from Siberia looking for otter and seal pelts, plus, by the 1790's Britain and the US were asserting claims to the Pacific Northwest

question

Which nations' overseas dominions did not expand much during the 18th century and why?

answer

Spain- only could barely hold onto it's possessions Portugal- lost most of their Asian empire to the Dutch and concentrated on expanding in Brazil (grew tobacco and sugar, imported slaves) The Netherlands- fell victim to its small size and vulnerable location

question

When did Portugal have an economic boom?

answer

in the 18th century when they discovered gold and diamonds in Brazil

question

What did the Portuguese do in Brazil in the 19th century as their riches wore down?

answer

produced coffee

question

How many naval wars did the Dutch lose against the English in the late 17th century?

answer

3

question

What were the two countries the Dutch were fighting against?

answer

England and France

question

What lands did the Dutch still hold in the 18th century?

answer

sugar islands in the Caribbean, slave-trading posts on the African coast, settlements on the southern tip of Africa, cinnamon and tea plantations on Ceylon, and clove and nutmeg production in Indonesia

question

Where did the Dutch take control of after 1677?

answer

the pepper and coffee areas in Java and gained footholds in the spice islands

question

What technique did the Dutch use to expand?

answer

the divide-and-conquer technique- also used by Spanish, British, and French

question

What trade did England and France want to control in the 18th century?

answer

colonial trade- redirected much of their economic and military resources overseas- in India and the Western Hemisphere

question

Which French ruler was aggressive overseas, and France acquired possessions in the Caribbean and trading posts in India?

answer

Louis XIV- both English and French rulers were aggressive, causing international struggles for colonial and continental supremacy

question

What did French pioneers pushing out from New France (Canada) lay claim to in North America?

answer

the enormous Mississippi-Ohio-Great Lakes basin extending from the Appalachians to the Rocky Mountains and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf coast between Florida and Mexico

question

What did the French call their vast North American land?

answer

Louisiana- by 1702, the French had erected a chain of forts from the Great Lakes down the Mississippi to the Gulf Coast

question

What did French and English traders compete for?

answer

far northern fur trade

question

What Spanish possessions did the French threaten?

answer

Cuba and Mexico + the British colonies on the Atlantic seabord

question

What did the Spaniards do to respond to the French threat?

answer

set up posts in Texas to protect Mexico and one at Pensacola to shield Florida and Cuba

question

What happened with regard to French and Spanish relations in 1713?

answer

the new Bourbon dynasty in Spain became an ally of France and later aided the French by attacking settlements in the southern British colonies

question

What did the British take in their counter-offensive?

answer

Nova Scotia and Newfoundland- prime bases for fishing

question

What did British expansion in the Caribbean enable them to do?

answer

break Spain's trade monopoly with Spanish America

question

Where did British and French struggle focus on the in 1750's?

answer

India- both wanted to expand because of spices, textiles, cheap labor and taxation, and a market for European goods to reduce the drain of European silver for Italian products The Caribbean-built up forces in New France (Canada) and along the Great Lakes to the Ohio Valley North America

question

How did the French and British East India companies compete in the 1750's?

answer

As the Moghul dynasty fell, they each supported certain Indian princes in return for help in destroying the other trade company. After eliminating European rivals, the surviving company could exploit Indian rivalries

question

How was the war between the East India companies settled?

answer

the British capture of Pondicherry in 1761 eliminated the French from India

question

In 1754-1755, where did the French and their Amerindian allies defeat 2 expeditions?

answer

Fort Duquesne (present-day Pittsburgh)

question

When did general conflict brake out in Europe and merge with the world war for colonial supremacy?

answer

1756

question

What French land did the British conquer?

answer

the British fleet cut off the French in North America and conquered New France

question

Who captured Quebec in 1759?

answer

James Wolfe

question

When did James' successors capture Montreal?

answer

1760

question

Where did British naval expeditions seize land from the French?

answer

the Caribbean Islands

question

By when did Great Britain control the largest colonial empire and the most profitable network of overseas trade?

answer

1763- France had almost no colonial empire

question

What treaty in 1763 gave Spain Louisiana west of the Mississippi (40% of North America)?

answer

Treaty of Paris

question

What did the British lay claim to after the Treaty of Paris?

answer

New France (with its fur trade), Louisiana east of the Mississippi, and Spanish Florida- France was restricted to a few fishery islands off the coast of Newfoundland

question

Why did Great Britain lose a big part of its empire in North America?

answer

American War of Independence

question

Where did Britain expand to in the South Pacific?

answer

established a penal colony at Botany Bay (now Sydney) on the east coast of Australia in 1788, later gained all of Australia

question

Which British explorer defeated a large Indian army at Plassey in 1757?

answer

Robert Clive

question

What province did Britain obtain after the defeat at Plassey?

answer

Bengal in northeast India- from 1780-1820 Britain seized all of India

question

Where else did the British expand?

answer

they seized some Dutch colonies

question

How did the relationship between the Dutch and the French change in the 1790's?

answer

France made the Netherlands a satellite, giving the British an opportunity to conquer Dutch possessions that threatened British trade routes to India and East Asia

question

By 1815, where had the British taken?

answer

Mauritius Island (from the French), the Cape of Good Hope (from the Dutch), and Ceylon

question

How much of Great Britain's trade involved areas outside Europe in the 18th century?

answer

2/3- all of Europe added extensive colonial commerce

question

What is the 1st major trade pattern that dominated overseas dominance?

answer

1. Spanish imported gold and silver from America- sent to Britain, France, and the Netherlands in exchange for manufactured products- BFN carried bullion to China and India to exchange for silk and cotton textiles, tea, and spices- brought these back and sold to Europeans - this weakened the Ottoman Empire as land routes became less necessary

question

What is the 2nd major trade pattern that dominated overseas dominance?

answer

2. 18th century- Plantation agriculture in the West Hemisphere and Asia was the most valuable - plantation zone extended from Chesapeake Bay through the Caribbean Islands and to Brazil- produced fibers, foods, drugs, and forest products - Dutch shipped goods from their East Indian plantation system - North America shipped furs, lumber, and naval stores to Great Britain and France

question

What is the 3rd major trade pattern that dominated overseas dominance?

answer

3. plantations required slave trade- 60,000 slaves annually imported to Western Hemisphere in 18th century from Africa - Portuguese, Dutch, and French had taken over largest share of slave trade, but by the mid-18th century, British and New Englanders dominated slave trade outside Brazil

question

When did Great Britain become the world's foremost overseas trading nation?

answer

after 1763

question

What was the world's greatest port?

answer

London- Caribbean sugar, Indian cotton

question

Which ports were rising to prominence through trade in slaves, furs, and tobacco?

answer

Liverpool and Glasgow

question

Until 1763, which French ports prospered from slave trade, sugar, and Asian goods?

answer

Bordeaux and Nantes

question

Which Dutch port was prominent for slave and spice trade?

answer

Amsterdam

question

Which Iberian ports were prosperous?

answer

Lisbon and Cadiz

question

Who increasingly influenced politics and diplomacy?

answer

merchants of great trading centers

question

Where and when did the Dutch found Africa's 1st European settlement?

answer

Table Bay in South Africa, 1652- it was intended as a reprovisioning station for ships of the Dutch East India Company between Europe and Asia

question

What did the need for fresh food lead the Dutch East India Company to do?

answer

bring in colonists to establish farms in South Africa in 1657- salves for forced labor

question

Where in Africa did the Dutch attack?

answer

Khoi

question

What were Dutch frontier farmers called?

answer

Boers/ Afrikaners

question

What religion were Boers and why?

answer

Mainly Calvinist, colonists recruited single Dutch women to marry mostly male colony- French Huguenots came fleeing Louis XIV

question

What was the social class system in Dutch Africa?

answer

Dutch Boers, Asian immigrants and coloreds (people of mixed race), blacks

question

What is the belief in the superiority and inferiority of different peoples based on race- used to justify enslavement of African peoples?

answer

Racism

question

What war ended in 1763?

answer

the 7 years war/ the French and Indian war

question

Which English explorer helped the English get to India and Russia from 1579- 1581?

answer

Sir. Francis Drake

question

Who was the only female Hapsburg ruler?

answer

Maria Theresa

question

Who greatly expanded Russian territory?

answer

Peter the Great

Dutch, English, and French Expansion – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards