question

Tobacco use became popular in European culture because

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it was associated with wealth and status.

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The major commercial species of Nicotiana that is grown for tobacco products is

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Nicotiana tobacum.

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During the 18th century, which method of use of tobacco increased in England?

answer

Snuff

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Chewing was the most popular form of tobacco use until about 1900, but by 1920 the most popular form was

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cigars

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Over 90 percent of all U.S. cigarettes sold are now

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Filter cigars

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Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. began to decline

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after the 1964 Surgeon General's report.

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In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FDA

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Had no authority to regulare tobacco products

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People who switch to low tar and nicotine brand cigarettes

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typically take more and deeper puffs and probably get no safety benefit.

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Reynolds was unable to market Premier, a plastic cigarette containing catalytic crystals coated with tobacco extract, because

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the FDA considered them a "nicotine delivery device" rather than an agricultural product.

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One big factor associated with lower rates of cigarette smoking among adults is

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Higher level of education

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The biggest health concern for users of smokeless tobacco has been

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cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.

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One recent fad in tobacco use has been

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hookahs (water pipes).

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Although lung cancer is not common, about _______ percent of all lung cancers occur in smokers.

answer

85

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Annual "smoking attributable mortality" in the U.S. is estimated at

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440,000.

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In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency declared that

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secondhand smoke is a known carcinogen that increases lung cancer risk.

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One of the most consistent and best-documented effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is

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low birth weight

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Nicotine acts in the brain by

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first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors

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As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by

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increasing blood pressure until a stroke occurs.

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The psychological effect of cigarette smoking is

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arousal and activation--a mild stimulant effect calm and relaxation--a mild antianxiety effect.

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Recent research on the dependence produced by nicotine has focused on genetic differences related to

answer

acetylcholine receptors

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About 90 percent of the more than 40 million former smokers in the U.S. report that

answer

they quit smoking without a treatment program.

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Gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers are all various forms of

answer

nicotine replacement therapy

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In 2006, the FDA approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. The drug is

answer

varenicline (Chantix).

question

In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act

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authorized the FDA to regulate tobacco products in specific ways.

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In July 2011, the nicotine vaccine NicVax was

answer

found to be no better than placebo.

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T or F: The major commercial species of tobacco in Nicotiana tobacum.

answer

True

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T or F: The most popular form of tobacco use in America before 1900 was cigar smoking.

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False

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T or F: Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. started to decrease in 1990.

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False

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T or F: The FDA has regulated nicotine content of cigarettes since 1964.

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False

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T or F: Although there are concerns about smoking during pregnancy, the research studies have not consistently demonstrated any specific risks.

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False

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T or F: Nicotine acts in the brain to first stimulate and then block several nicotinic sub-types of cholinergic receptor.

answer

True

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T or F: A cigar contains enough nicotine for two lethal doses, if the nicotine were injected.

answer

True

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T or F: Ambien (zolpidem) has recently been approved by the FDA for use in smoking cessation.

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False

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T or F: According to a 2010 report, 70% of R-rated movies (and 30% of G, PG, and PG-13 movies) in the U.S. contained some tobacco use. Compared to 2005, this represents a decrease in depictions of tobacco use.

answer

True

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T or F: New battery-powered electronic cigarettes (i.e. tobacco-less nicotine delivery systems) are quickly becoming one of the largest U.S. exports.

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False

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T or F: There is no evidence indicating that cigarette smoking has skin-aging effects.

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False

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Caffeine

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Most popular drug- taking in the world. Psychoactive stimulant. Dose- dependent (Xanthines family) Theophylline ( tea) theobromine ( chocolate)

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Coffee drinking

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Drinking before bed you more than likely will have a harder time falling asleep " wine of Islam"

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Coffee

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Goat herder- prepared beverages from berries Middle of 17th century - England coffee houses/ penny universities Us is main importater After American Revolution this became the national drink

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Major sources of coffee

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Coffee beans ( arabica) and coffee robusta (Java) harder tasting

question

Caffeine content in coffee

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Standard 5 ounce cup- 57 to 145 mg Dosage depends on method of brewing (Xanthines interfere ) kills flies because it over stimulates.

question

Tea

answer

Worlds oldest caffeine contacting beverage. Discovered by Chinese emperor

question

How it's tea brewed

answer

Brew of leaves from the Canellia sines is evergreen tree

question

National pastime between trade with Chinese and Dutch

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Tea drinking

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Most tea in Us

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Ice tea ; introduced in Losiana purchase

question

Content in tea

answer

Caffeine is 60 mg Theophylline - bronchi dilating effect- treat asthma Corolated with dementia anti- cancer treatment

question

Green tea

answer

Blood thinner

question

Chocolate

answer

Made from cocoa beans. Was a gift from the Aztec gods to give humans a taste of paradise Italian lover- Casanova

question

How is chocolate made

answer

Roast beans- cocoa butter Edible chocolate began with Swiss chocolate Small amounts of butterfat my palm oil and coconut oil.

question

Chocolate Xanthine content

answer

Caffeine 6-8 mg. and theobromine 40 mg.

question

Dark chocolate

answer

Reducer artery clogging. Eat 2-3 bars a week!

question

Higher consumers of chocolate

answer

Made in Hershey company and Mars. Switzerland consumes the most chocolate

question

Soft drinks

answer

95 % of caffeine is added by manufacture. Us leads the world ( 45 gallons annually)

question

Leaders of soft drinks

answer

Coke and Pepsi ( 3-5 mg per fluid ounce)

question

2012 FDA reported

answer

13 deaths over a 4 period that cited possible involvement of 5 hour energy and 30 incidents of serious life threatening injuries. ( heart attacks and seziures)

question

Caffeine from OTC drugs

answer

Sold as pure stimulant-NoDoz and Vivarian tablets.. Pain relievers ( Excedrian and Amacin) Dietary substances. Caffeinated lip balm, beer, sunflower seeds.

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Caffeine as a drug

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When ingested orally caffeine is absorbed 30-60 min. Peak blood level 60 min CNS reaction 2 hours 1/2 life- 3/7 hours

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Effect s of caffeine on the body

answer

Double blind negative effect- blocks adenosine Brinds to receptors on the surface of cells and produces sleepiness, dilation of blood vessels and construction of bronchial tubes. Protects against seziures, slows body's reaction to stress, and lowers heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature.

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Effects on caffeine behavior

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Feeling of mental altertness Increased performance Increase vigilance and attentiveness Decrease time to response time to simple visual or auditory signals

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Caffeine & alcohol

answer

Caffeine will NOT sober you up

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Potential health benefits and risks

answer

Lower risk of Parkinson's disease Women- high or low consumption was protective hormonal factors in women caffeine and estrogen interactiontional effect Mild risk of heart attack Don't drink if having panic attacks. High levels of caffeine related to risk of miscarriage in first trimester.

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Dependence, acute toxicity, and medical application

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85 % us population is 2-3 cups a day Tolerance effect seen with 1-2 cups Withdrawal- headaches Lethal dose 50000- 100000 mg a day

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Food drug and cosmetic act

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A product intended for use in diagonsis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or percent of disease. (1938) - food pure , and safe - drugs safe, effective

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Dietary supplement health and education act

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Passed in part due to pressure on congress from the supplement industry. Industry wanted to limit FDA regulation

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DSHEA CHANGES

answer

Redefinition of which substances could be dietary supplements. Redifinition of presumed safety Vague health claims without proof were allowed

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Dietary supplements

answer

products that supply one or more nutrients as a supplement to, not a substitute for, healthful foods

question

DSHEA : defying safety

answer

- FDA can declare a dietary supplement to be unsafe or adulterated.

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Supplement labeling

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- supplements cannot claim to be a treatment for a disorder - can be beneficial effects. - must carry a disclamimer

question

Boon

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Many more supplements on the market. Thus, consumers have more options

question

Cons about suplements

answer

Much less research available about safety and effectiveness. Remain on the market until FDA present clear evidence of risk

question

Case study: Ephedra

answer

A stimulant or weight loss First evidence of safety concerns published by FDA. Took 10 years to compile evidence to get it taken off shelves.

question

Dietary supplement act

answer

2010 introduce by senator John McCain. All manufactures would have to register with FDA. Have to provide a complete list of ingredients. FDA can recall it if it's unsafe ( McCain withdrew the bill)

question

Saint John's wort

answer

Hypericum perforatum Currently used as a potential treatment for both anxiety and depression.

question

SAMe

answer

S- adenosyl- L- methionine A naturally occurring substance found in the body. Active form of amino acid methionine. It is as effective as approved antidepressants.

question

Ginko biloba

answer

Long history of medical use in China Reduced blood clotting. May improve circulation. Potentially risky if used with aspirin or other drugs that reduce clotting

question

Weight Control Products

answer

People hoping to lose weight. No evidence of effectiveness. ( placebo effect) Herabalife reported $3.5 billion in worldwide sales

question

Over the counter drugs

answer

Self perscribed for treatment self diagnosed illness. Americans spend over $18 billion per year on otc.

question

FDA regulation of OTC

answer

1962 Kefauver- Harris ammendement required all drugs be evaluated for safety and efficacy. - charged with reviewing all OTC drugs currently on the market. - only active ingredients were reviews Currently one is Orlistat ( alli) FDA approved

question

Gras- generally recognized as safe

answer

Given currently available information, the ingredient is considered safe

question

GRAE- generally recognized as effective

answer

As reasonable expectation that the pharmacological effect of the drug will provide clinically significant relief

question

GRAHL- generally recognized as honestly labeled

answer

Labeled honestly.

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OTC drug labeling

answer

active ingredients and amount, purpose of medication, use for drug, specific warnings, dosage instructions, inactive ingredients

question

Dosage

answer

An OTC version of a drug may come in smaller doses

question

Chemicals

answer

A perscription drug may contain a chemical not allowed for OTC sale due to potential toxicity

question

Examples of OTC

answer

Ibuprofen, lansoprazole( heart burn), fexofendaine

question

Stimulants

answer

Only legal ingredient is caffeine. Ex. Vivarian

question

Sedatives and sleep aids

answer

Combination of scopolamine( acetylcholine receptor blocker) and methapryline Current OTC is diphenhydramine

question

People and pain

answer

Anesthetics- reduce all types of sensations or consciousness Analgesics- reduce pain selectively without causing a loss of other sensations ( aspirin, ibprohen, acetaminophen)

question

ASPRIN

answer

Chemical name : acetylsalicylice acid Examples: analgesic, antipyretic, anti inflammatory

question

Analgesic

answer

Effectively blocks mid to moderate somatic pain. Especially effective for headache and musculoskeletal pain

question

Antipyretic

answer

Reduces fever Causes vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels and increased perscription

question

Anti inflammatory

answer

Reduce swelling inflame ions and soreness

question

Aspirin effects

answer

Inhibits blood platelet aggregation. Induce gastrointestinal bleeding, Reye's syndrome.

question

Aspirin working

answer

Inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins are local acting hormones. Released when cell membranes are injured. ( heat regulation)

question

Ibupofen

answer

Don't take for hang over. Can over dose.

question

Cold and allergy products

answer

Treat the symptoms. Such as coughing, sneezing, productions of fluid by the mucous memebranes. ( can last up to 3 days on hard surfaces)

question

Modern cold remedies

answer

Antihistamines - dry up the nose Nasal decongestants- swollen nasal membranes

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