Disorder of the Skin – Flashcards
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What is the largest organ in the body?
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Skin
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What are the 7 functions of the skin?
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1. physical barrier 2. protect against DNA-damaging effects of UV light 3. Maintain body temperature 4. Immune responses 5. synthesis of vitamin D (calcium homeostasis) 6. Excretion and absorption 7. Sense of touch
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What layer of the skin? outer layer
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epidermis
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What layer of the skin? consists of several layers of squamous cells
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epidermis
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What layer of the skin? deepest layer of the epidermis
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basal layer
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What layer of the skin? consists of basal cells
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basal layer (epidermis)
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What layer of the skin? consists of melanocytes
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basal layer (epidermis)
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What layer of the skin? Langerhans' cells are located in this layer
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epidermis
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What layer of the skin? contains the basal layer
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epidermis
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What layer of the skin? immediately deep to the epidermis
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dermis
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What layer of the skin? layer of connective tissue
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dermis
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What layer of the skin? rich is vasculature and skin appendages (sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands)
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dermis
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What layer of the skin? contains sweat glands, hair follicles sebaceous glands
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dermis
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What layer of the skin? contains smooth muscle
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dermis (around hair follicles)
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What layer of the skin? deep to the dermis
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subcutis
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What layer of the skin? consists primarily of fat
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subcutis
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What layer of the skin? abundant in blood vessels and nerves
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subcutis
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What layer of the skin? contains keratinocytes
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epidermis (keratinocytes = squamous cells)
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What are the three types of skin cancers?
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1. squamous cell carcinoma 2. malignant melanoma 3. basal cell carcinoma
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What are the two most common types of skin cancer?
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1. squamous cell carcinoma 2. basal cell carcinoma
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What type of skin cancer? affects basal cell layer
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basal cell carcinoma
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What type of skin cancer? affects keratinocytes
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squamous cell carcinoma
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What type of skin cancer? affects melanocytes
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malignant melanoma
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True/False: All three main skin cancers affect cells of the epidermis.
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True
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What is the #1 most common cancer in the body?
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Basal cell carcinoma
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Malignant melanoma affects (young/old) people.
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young
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True/False: Malignant melanoma affects unusual sites on the body (acral skin, eyes, nailbed, internal organs)
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True can metastasize
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What is the single most important risk factor leading to malignant melanoma?
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UV exposure in sunlight (getting severe burns....blistering)
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What type of skin cancer? one of the most evil types of cancers in humans
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malignant melanoma
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What type of skin cancer? affects odd places
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malignant melanoma
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True/False: If malignant melanoma is caught early enough it can be treated
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true but has to be caught early enough!! Know the signs!
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True/False: The degree of protection via melanocytes is directly proportional to the amount of pigment.
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true
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What is a genetic conditions resulting in the lack of melanin pigment?
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albinism
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What is the acquired disorder that results in lack of melanin pigment?
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vitiligo
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What cell type of the epidermis produce melanin pigment which absorbs DNA-damaging UV light?
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Melanocytes
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What is the most common tumor of melanocytes?
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benign melanocyte nevus ("mole")
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True/False: Benign melanocyte nevus is the most common tumor of melanocytes?
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True
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What is another name for a benign melanocyte nevus?
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a mole
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What are the "ABCDEs" of melanoma (clinical warning signs)?
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Asymmetry Boarder irregularity Color variation Diameter >6mm Evolution=change in color, size, etc.
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The diameter has to be >__mm to be considered for the ABCDE test.
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6
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True/False: Melanoma has to be diagnosed on skin biopsy
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True
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What are the two phases of melanoma histology?
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1. radial phase 2. vertical phase
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What phase do you want to catch the melanoma in?
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radial phase
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True/False Depth of invasion is the most important prognostic factor
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True Don't want it to get to vertical phase... smaller depth, better patient will do (depth = thickness)
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What are the two next most important predictive factors (after thickness/depth and ulceration) for malignant melanoma?
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1. lymph node metastasis 2. distant metastases
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What are the two risk factors that cause malignant melanoma? What is the number one risk factor of these two?
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1. sun exposure (UV light...blistering sunburn) -- #1 2. familial
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What are the top three places that are at highest risk of malignant melanoma?
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1. skin of back 2. legs 3. eye
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What are the 4 most important prognostic factors for melanoma?
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1. depth of invasion (thickness) 2. ulceration 3. lymph node metastasis 4. distant metastasis
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Basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas occur in (younger/older) individuals.
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older (cumulative sun exposure during the life of an individual)
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True/False: Basal cell and Squamous cell carcinomas are locally aggressive, but rarely metastasize.
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true
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What is the common denominator between all types of skin cancers?
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UV (sun) exposure
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What type of infection is acne vulgaris?
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a bacterial infection of the skin
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There is no other disease which causes more psychological trauma, maladjustments between parents and children and more insecurities and feeling of inferiority than what skin disease?
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acne vulgaris
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$________ a year are spend by Americans on over the counter acne treatments.
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100,000,000
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Where is the most common infection site for acne vulgaris?
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face
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What age group does acne vulgaris affect the most?
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adolescents
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True/False: Acne vulgaris affects females more than males.
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false. Males > females
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What four steps lead to acne vulgaris?
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1. sebaceous glands become larger during puberty 2. keratin plug blocks outflow of sebum 3. bacterium colonize the keratin plug 4. pro-inflammatory factors are released
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What are the 5 risk factors associated with acne vulgaris?
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1. androgens (higher during puberty) 2. stress 3. family history 4. skin irritation 5. medications (lithiums)
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True/False: frequent, vigorous washing isn't good for acne vulgaris.
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true
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What does the accumulation of sebum and bacteria form?
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a comedo
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When white blood cells come into the area of injury, the comedo turns into what?
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a pustule
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What does the fusion of a pustule lead to the formation of?
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Nodules or cysts
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What treatment can be used in this step? Sebaceous glands become large during puberty A. Antiandrogens B. Retinoids C. Antibiotic D. Steroids
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A. antiandrogens (androgens makes glands become larger)
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What treatment can be used in this step? keratin plug blocks outflow of sebum A. Antiandrogens B. Retinoids C. Antibiotic D. Steroids
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B. Retinoids (normalize the maturation of squamous cells)
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What treatment can be used in this step? Bacteria colonize the keratin plug A. Antiandrogens B. Retinoids C. Antibiotic D. Steroids
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C. antibiotics
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What treatment can be used in this step? pro-inflammatory factors are released A. Antiandrogens B. Retinoids C. Antibiotic D. Steroids
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D. steroids (inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory factors)
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What are the three types of antibiotics that can be used for when bacteria colonize the keratin plug?
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1. benzoyl peroxide (topical) 2. tetracyclines (oral or topical) 3. trimethoprim
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What is inflammation of the skin termed?
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dermatitis
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What is dermatitis?
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inflammation of the skin
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True/False: Most often dermatitis is an infectious disorder.
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FALSE!! dermatitis is NOT an infectious disorder most often
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True/False: There are a variety of environmental triggers that lead to dermatitis.
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True sunlight, drugs, chemicals, temperature, stress
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What is localized skin reaction to an irritant or allergen only at the site of its contact with the skin termed?
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contact dermatitis
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What are the two types of contact dermatitis?
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1. irritant contact dermatitis 2. allergic contact dermatitis
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What type of contact dermatitis? non-immune
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irritant contact dermatitis
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What type of contact dermatitis? immune-mediated
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allergic contact dermatitis
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What type of contact dermatitis (irritant or allergic)? common offender: rubbing alcohol, cosmetic products, solvents, sawdust, topical medications, occupational
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irritant
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What type of contact dermatitis (irritant or allergic)? may occur after the first or repeated exposure
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irritant
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What type of contact dermatitis (irritant or allergic)? generally there is an improvement with time
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irritant
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What type of contact dermatitis (irritant or allergic)? resolves relatively fast upon cessation of exposure
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irritant (resolves in days)
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What type of contact dermatitis (irritant or allergic)? common offenders: poison ivy/oak/sumac, metal ornaments, particularly nickel
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allergic
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What type of contact dermatitis (irritant or allergic)? initial exposure sensitizes T cells to a foreign molecule (antigen)
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allergic
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What type of contact dermatitis (irritant or allergic)? immune-related
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allergic
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What type of contact dermatitis (irritant or allergic)? gets worse with time and may be ferocious
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allergic
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What type of contact dermatitis (irritant or allergic)? resolves in days after cessation of exposure
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irritant
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What type of contact dermatitis (irritant or allergic)? resolves in 2-4 weeks after cessation of exposure
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allergy
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What type of contact dermatitis (irritant or allergic)? T-cell mediated delayed immune reaction
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allergy
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True/False: allergic contact dermatitis is a form of T-cell mediated delayed immune reaction
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True
