Disease Detectives Vocabulary 2013 – Flashcards
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| Cluster |
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| an aggregation of cases over a particular period closely grouped in time and space, regardless of whether the number is more than the expected number |
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| Outbreak |
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| more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area or among a specialized group of people over a particular peroid of time |
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| Epidemic |
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| large numbers of people over a wide geographical area are affected |
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| Pandemic |
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| an epidemic occuring over several countries or continents and affecting a large proportion of the population |
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| Surveillance |
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| The systematic and ongiong collection, anaylasis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. The purpose of public health surveillance is to gain knowledge of the patterns of disease, injury, and ohter health problems in a community so that we can work towards their prevention and control. |
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| Plague |
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| A serious, potentially life-threathening infectious disease that is usually transmitted to humansbyt he bites of rodent fleas. It was one of the scourges of our early history. There are three major forms of the disease: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. |
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| Vector |
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| An animal that transmits disease For example a mosquito is a vector for malaria. |
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| Fomite |
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| a physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person |
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| Risk |
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| the probability that an individual will be affected by, or die from, an illness or injury within a stated time or age span |
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| Zoonosis |
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| an infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans |
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| Incubation Period |
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| time in between when a person somes into contact with a pathogen and when they first show symptoms or signs of disease |
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| Endemic Disease |
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| present at a continuous level throughout a population/geographic area; constant presence of an agent/health condition within a given geographic area/population; refers to the usual prevalence of an agent/condition |
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| Agent |
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| a microbial organism with the ability to cause disease |
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| Reservoir |
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| a place where agents can thrive and reproduce |
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| Portal of Exit |
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| A place of exit providing a way for an agent to leave the reservoir; the route a pathogen takes out of an infected host. |
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| Mode of Transmission |
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| Method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carried from one place to another; the transfer of disease-causing microrganisms from one environment to another, particularly from an external environment to a susceptible individual. There are three general categories of transmission: contact, vehicle, and vector. |
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| Portal of Entry |
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| an opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host; the route a pathogen takes to enter the host |
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| Susceptible host |
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| a person who cannot resist a microrganism invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection |
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| Infectivity |
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| capacity to cause infection in a susceptible host |
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| Pathogenity |
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| capacity to cause disease in a host |
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| Virulence |
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| severity of disease that the agent causes to host |
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| 1st Step of Investigating an Outbreak |
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| Prepare for field work |
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| 2nd Step to Investigating an Outbreak |
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| Establish the Existence of an Outbreak-Consider Severity, Potential for Spread, Public Concern, and Availability of Resources |
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| 3rd Step to Investigating an Outbreak |
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| Verify the Diagnosis |
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| 4th Step to Investigating an Outbreak |
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| Define and Identify Cases-Case Definition and Line Listing |
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| 5th Step to Investigating an Outbreak |
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| Develop and Orient the Data in Terms of Person, Place, and Time-Descri[tive Epidemiology |
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| 6th Step to Investigating an Outbreak |
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| Develop Hypotheses (Agent/Host/Environment Triad)=Chain of Transmission |
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| 7th Step to Investigating an Outbreak |
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| Evaluate Hypotheses-Analytical Studies (MUST Have a Control Group) |
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| 8th Step to Investigating an Outbreak |
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| Refine Hypothesis and Carry Out Additional Studies |
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| 9th Step to Investigating an Outbreak |
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| Implement Control and Prevention Measures (ASAP!!!) |
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| 10th Step to Investigating an Outbreak |
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| Communicate Findings |
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| Primary Prevention |
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| Early intervention to aviod initial exposuree to agent of disease preventing the process from starting |
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| Secondary Prevention |
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| During hte latent stage (when the disease has just began), process of screening and instituting treatment may prevent may prevent progression to symptomatic disease |
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| Tertiary Prevention |
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| During the symptomatic stage (when the patient shows symptoms), intervention may arrest, slow, or reverse the progression of disease |
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| Odds Ratio |
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| used in case-control study, ad/bc |
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| Relative Risk |
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| used in cohort study, (a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d)) |
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| Attack Rate |
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| The rate that a group experienced an outcome or illness equal to the number sick divided by the total in that group. (There should be a high attack rate in those exposed and a low attack rate in those unexposed.) For the exposed: a/(a+b) For the unexposed: c/(c+d) |
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| 2*2 Table |
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| table which has two columns and rows for people with or without exposure and with or without disease; shows amount of people with each characteristic |
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| Epi-Curves |
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| a histogram that shows the course of an outbreak by plotting the number of cases of a condition according to teh time of onset |
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| Contact Transmission |
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| Sub-categories include direct (perosn-to-person), indirect (fomite), or droplet |
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| Vehicle Transmission |
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| Transmission via a medium, such as food, air, and liquid, which are all routinely taken into the body, and thus serve as vehicles into the body |
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| Vector Transmission |
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| no entry |
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| Point Source Epidemic |
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| occur when people are exposed to teh same exposure over a limited, well defined period of time. The shape of the curve commonly rises rapidly and contains a definite peak followed by a gradual decline. |
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| Continuous Common Source Epidemic |
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| Occur when the exposure to the source is prolonged over an extended peiod of time and may occur over more thatn one incubation period . The down slope of the curve may be very sharp if the common source is removed or gradual if the outbreak is allowed to exhaust itself |
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| Propogated (Progressive Source) Epidemics |
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| Occur when a case of disease serves as a source of infection for subsequent cases and those subsequent cases, in turn, serve as sources for later cases. The shape of this curve ususally contains a series of successively larger peaks, reflective of the increasing number of cases caused by person-to-person contact, until the pool of those susceptible is exhausted or control measures are implemented. |
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| Epidemiology |
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| the study if distribution and dterminants of health-related states in specified populations, and the application of this to control health problems. There are four basic reasons for why disease detectives study and research outbreaks and epidemics. |
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| Etiology |
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| the study of the causes of diseases |
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| Morbidity |
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| the proportion of sickness or of a specific disease in a geographical locality |
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| Enrironmental Disease-Causing Agents |
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| ?Smoking, air pollution ?Flooding and drought ?Extreme heat, UV exposure ?Pesticides, chemical spills, lead contamination ?Water pollutants, heavy metals ?Ventilation pollutants ?Noise induced hearing loss ?Waste and toxic substance ?Food contamination ?Other pathogenic agents as prio |
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| Mortality |
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| the relative frequency of deaths in a specific population; death rate |
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| Natality |
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| birthrate |
