Developmental Psychology Final Study Guide - Flashcards

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1. The connection across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes is most obvious in the two rapidly emerging fields of:

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developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience.

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2. Which of the following statements about the "young-old" is TRUE?

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They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging.

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3. Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the _____ aspect of her development.

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stability

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4. McKenzie, age 2, wants to do everything on her own. Her mother punishes her when she attempts to pour her own milk or tries to answer the phone. Erikson would say that McKenzie is likely to develop a sense of:

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shame and doubt.

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5. Roger looks back on his life and feels that he failed to reach his potential, squandered opportunities, and hurt a lot of people. At 82 years of age, he knows it is too late to make amends. Roger is slipping into:

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despair.

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6. Lynne, 5, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

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preoperational

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7. B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist; as such he would argue that the most important things that shape development are:

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rewards and punishments.

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8. The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.

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exosystem

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9. Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances?

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Chronosystem

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10. Cynthia is conducting a survey on the prevalence and patterns of substance abuse in her city. What could be a problem that Cynthia could encounter while using this method of data collection?

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That some participants may not tell the truth and instead give socially acceptable answers

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11. A(n) _____ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.

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experiment

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12. The longitudinal method of research consists of studying:

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the same individuals over a long period of time.

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13. _____ selection is the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted to their environment are the ones that are most likely to survive and reproduce.

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Natural

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14. Ethel is 50 years old but appears much more aged in appearance. Most of Ethel's relatives don't live past the age of 60. Which of the following genes are responsible for the accelerated aging that is observed in Ethel and her family members?

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Susceptibility genes

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15. A recessive gene exerts its influence only if:

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both genes in a pair are recessive.

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16. Who is MOST likely to develop an X-linked disease?

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Males

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17. Which of the following is an example of chromosomal abnormality that occurs when whole chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis?

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Down syndrome

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18. Klinefelter syndrome affects:

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only males.

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19. The embryo's _____ develops into the digestive and respiratory systems.

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endoderm

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20. Which of the following is NOT associated with the use of marijuana during pregnancy?

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Stillbirth

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21. Which of the following diseases is transmitted to the newborn during delivery through the birth canal?

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Genital herpes

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22. Julianne lost her baby early in her pregnancy. Which of the following paternal factors could have possibly led to this outcome?

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Her partner was a heavy smoker, even during her pregnancy.

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23. _____ care involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest.

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Kangaroo

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24. All of the following are ways to effectively treat postpartum depression EXCEPT:

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Withdrawal of social support

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25. Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. This indicates a _____ pattern of growth.

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cephalocaudal

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26. Infants usually double their birth weight by the age of:

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four months.

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27. At birth, the newborn's brain is about _____ percent of its adult weight

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25

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28. When babies engage in physical activity or use language, some synaptic connections will be strengthened, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear. A neuroscientist would identify this process as:

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pruning.

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29. The interpretation of sensory information is called:

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perception.

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30. Sarah shows her baby a colorful block several times. The baby looks carefully at the block at first, but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing the block a few times. The baby is showing:

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habituation.

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31. The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth until about:

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2 years of age.

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32. Mandy sees a little girl in the grocery store throwing a screaming tantrum to get a toy. The next week at the mall, Mandy begins screaming and crying to get some candy. Mandy is showing:

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deferred imitation.

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33. Recent research supports the notion that _____ are the easiest words to learn.

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nouns

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34. According to your text, which of the following is MOST likely to be among the first words learned by a child?

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Car

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35. _____ is an area in the left temporal lobe of the brain that is involved with the comprehension of speech.

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Wernicke's area

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36. As he is rolling his truck up and down the sides of the couch, Nezzy points to his truck and says, "My truck." His father responds with, "What's the truck doing?" This is an example of:

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recasting.

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37. When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile.

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reflexive

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38. Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

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Synchronous

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39. "Easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are three basic types of _____ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.

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temperament

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40. Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play; he goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably:

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between 18 and 24 months old.

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41. John Bowlby argued that infants develop a(n) _____ model of attachment.

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internal working

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42. The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to:

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move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his/her mother and a stranger.

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43. Insecure avoidant babies show:

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insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.

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44. Tempest is in the Strange Situation and appears dazed, confused, and fearful. She would most likely be classified as:

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insecure disorganized.

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45. Carrie is a 19-year-old single mother. She often feels overwhelmed and depressed about her situation and frequently neglects her 8-month-old son and his needs. On several occasions, she has slapped his hand when he reaches for her cell phone. Carrie's baby is MOST likely to develop a(n) _____ with her.

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insecure disorganized attachment

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46. According to critics, the Strange Situation might not be able to capture important differences among infants because:

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as a measure of attachment, it may be culturally biased.

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47. Which of the following statements about caregivers of resistant babies is likely to be true?

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They tend to show little synchrony when interacting with the children.

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48. Of the following, which would be a good example of scaffolding?

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A Game of Peek-a-boo

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49. Which of the following can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease?

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Unsaturated fat

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50. Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is TRUE?

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Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at risk of being overweight at age 12.

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51. Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children at this age:

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cannot yet form stable concepts.

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52. When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children demonstrate they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw these supports. This shows the adults' involvement in the children's:

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zone of proximal development.

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53. Which of the following educational strategies would Vygotsky say should be incorporated into the classroom?

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Offering just enough assistance to the child to accomplish the task

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54. _____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.

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Sustained

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55. When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment, exhibiting a lack of:

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planfulness.

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56. Sustained attention or vigilance increases the most during:

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infancy.

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57. Irene is taking a test where she hears a random list of numbers, which she is then asked to repeat in the right order. Irene is having her _____ memory tested.

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short-term

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58. In early childhood, executive function is involved in all of the following EXCEPT:

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Peer selection

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59. With regard to perception, by _____ years of age, a child recognizes that another person will see what is in front of his/her own eyes instead of what is in front of the child's eyes.

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2

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60. In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and poor education for young children in the United States through:

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Project Head Start.

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61. Four-year-old Harlan says "I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, have self-descriptions that are typically:

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unrealistically positive.

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62. Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development?

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Heteronomous morality

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63. Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

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Jerome—heteronomous morality; Hani—autonomous morality

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64. When asked to describe his parenting style, Juan stated, "In my house, my word is the law." Juan is probably a(n):

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authoritative parent.

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65. In a study of maltreating mothers and their one-year-olds, one treatment that was found to be effective in reducing child maltreatment involved parent-infant psychotherapy that focused on improving:

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maternal-infant attachment.

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66. Firstborn and only children are alike in that both are _____ than later-born children.

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more achievement-oriented

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67. Bernice was raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica was raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, it is most likely that:

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Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health.

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68. All of the following are difficulties faced by immigrant families versus longtime residents EXCEPT:

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Discrimination and prejudice

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69. What does a child get from peers that he/she typically cannot get from siblings?

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An idea of how the child compares with other children the same age

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70. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because:

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it advances the child's cognitive development.

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71. _____ play, which can be engaged in throughout life, involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

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Practice

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72. Which of the following statements about practice play is TRUE?

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Practice play can be engaged in throughout life.

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73. Kim's mom wants to improve the cognitive inhibitory control of her 7-year-old daughter. Kim's mom should encourage her daughter to:

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engage in moderately intensive aerobic exercise.

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74. A recent study revealed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurs _____ in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD.

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three years later

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75. Jacob is a third-grader and has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day. Recently Jacob has been moved to the regular third-grade classroom. Jacob has just experienced:

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inclusion.

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76. A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly, but cannot use abstract reasoning yet, the child MOST likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

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Concrete operational stage

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77. Voletta thinks reflectively and reviews, connects, and reflects as a means of evaluating evidence. This means that she is engaging in:

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critical thinking.

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78. _____ thinking characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

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Convergent

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79. If Sergio's mental age is 8, but his chronological age is 9, we would say that Sergio's IQ is:

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above average.

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80. The consensus among psychologists that both heredity and environment influence intelligence reflect:

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the nature-nurture issue.

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81. About _____ percent of the mentally retarded fall into the mild category.

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89

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82. Which of the following individuals is likely to fall into the profoundly mentally retarded category?

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Harry, who has an IQ of 20

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83. Julie has an IQ of 50. She lives in a group home and works at a recycling plant, sorting cans and bottles into bins. Overall, Julie functions at the level of a second-grader. Julie's level of mental retardation is considered:

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moderate.

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84. Alberta is a school teacher who introduces children to reading by teaching them a rhyme that goes, "A for apple, A says ah; B for ball, B says buh," and so on. This exemplifies the _____ approach to reading instruction.

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phonics

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85. The correlation between self-esteem and school performance is:

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moderate.

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86. Children have the highest self-esteem when:

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they perform competently in domains that are important to them.

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87. The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called:

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self-efficacy.

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88. Darren is a 12-year-old active boy. Sometimes when his friend Simon cheats on the game, he tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why it is bad practice to cheat. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

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Self-regulation

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89. Pham, a fifth grader, just gave a report in front of the class. After his report some of the students made fun of him. Although Pham was angry and upset, he did not react to his classmates. Pham is exhibiting:

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emotional growth.

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90. Tapi believes that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country that prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. According to Kohlberg, which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning?

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Postconventional

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91. Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

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There is too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior.

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92. According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory puts _____ at the heart of morality.

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justice

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93. In one analysis, _____ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems.

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25

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94. Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because Andy is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says that Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny describing?

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Stimulation and ego support

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95. Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing encouragement and feedback, thus allowing children to maintain an impression of themselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals?

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Ego support

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96. Which of the following is NOT an outcome associated with children being educated in low-income neighborhoods?

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Higher percentage of college enrollees

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97. Fourteen-year-old Kent recently received his blood test results which indicate an eighteenfold increase in testosterone levels and a twofold increase in estradiol over the past few years. It appears that Kent:

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is experiencing normal changes during puberty.

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98. Sexual exploration and experimentation, sexual fantasies, and developing a sexual identity are part of an adolescent's:

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sexual development.

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99. Learning to manage sexual feelings, developing new forms of intimacy, and learning the skills to regulate sexual behavior is part of developing one's:

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sexual identity.

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100. In terms of sex education, most experts agree:

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that sex education programs reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections.

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101. Which of the following describes the findings of the U.S. survey conducted by the National Sleep Foundation?

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Older adolescents got markedly less sleep on school nights than younger adolescents.

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102. The majority of unintentional injuries in adolescence involve:

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motor vehicle accidents.

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103. In about _____ percent of motor vehicle fatalities involving adolescents, the driver was found to be intoxicated.

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50

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104. Dalia tends to go on eating binges and then purges by self-inducing vomiting or using a laxative. Which of the following conditions does Dalia suffer from?

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Bulimia

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105. Which of the following is a similarity between anorexics and bulimics?

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They are highly perfectionistic.

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106. Bulimia nervosa typically begins in:

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late adolescence or early adulthood.

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107. According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the _____ stage, begins.

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formal operational

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108. In a study, almost 50 percent of high school dropouts cited _____ reasons for leaving school.

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school-related

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109. Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage?

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Identity versus identity confusion

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110. Which of the following is the identity status where a crisis is absent but a commitment is present?

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Identity foreclosure

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111. Ethnic _____ is the enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

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identity

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112. Stella has involved, responsive parents who support her in her choices as long as she adheres to certain basic rules that they have set for her, like keeping up her grades and coming home in time for dinner with her family on weeknights. Thus, Stella's relationship with her parents is characterized by a high level of trust, acceptance, and quality. Research indicates that Stella would:

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be likely to share information about her whereabouts, friends, and activities.

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113. Late bloomers comprise approximately 10 percent of _____ who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships.

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17- to 19-year-olds

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114. Research shows that co-rumination and romantic involvement predicted an increase in:

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depressive symptoms.

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115. Immigration involves _____, which has increasingly occurred in the United States as children and adolescents serve as mediators for their immigrant parents.

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cultural brokering

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116. According to the 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, media use jumps more than _____ in early adolescence.

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3 hours

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117. According to a recent study of 8- to 12-year-old girls, a higher level of face-to-face communication was associated with:

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positive social-well-being indicators.

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118. Which of the following groups has disproportionately high delinquency rates?

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Lower-socioeconomic-status youth

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119. For Erikson, delinquency is an attempt to establish _____, even if it is a negative one.

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identity

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120. Which of the following is a buffer against suicidal ideation?

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Authoritative parenting

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121. In one study, both parents and college students agreed that taking responsibility for one's actions and _____ are important aspects of becoming an adult.

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developing emotional control

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122. Which of the following is a positive feature of the transition from high school to college?

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Opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values

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123. Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around the age of:

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30.

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124. The lessening of physical abilities is a common complaint among:

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the just-turned thirties.

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125. A recent study of college students from low-SES backgrounds and high-SES backgrounds showed that college students from low-SES backgrounds _____ than their higher-SES counterparts.

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ate more fast food and fewer fruits/vegetables

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126. A recent study of college students revealed that males' motivation to exercise involved:

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strength.

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127. Results from the "Sex in America" survey suggest that adult sexual behavior is ruled by _____ and _____ for most Americans.

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marriage; monogamy

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128. According to Piaget, the _____ stage of cognitive development characterizes adults as well as adolescents.

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formal operational

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129. Which of the following is a difference between formal operational thought and postformal thought?

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Realistic thinking

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130. The _____ has increasingly become a myth for many individuals in middle-income occupations as global outsourcing of jobs and the 2007-2009 recession have meant reduced job security for millions of Americans.

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career mystique

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131. According to the U.S. government's Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012-2013, which of the following areas of work are expected to account for the most new jobs in the next decade?

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Education

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132. Economic problems that led to the recession at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century produced:

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high unemployment rates.

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133. Research indicates that links between early attachment styles and later attachment styles were _____ by stressful and disruptive experiences.

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lessened

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134. Which of the following attachment styles is most likely to be characterized by trust, commitment, and longevity?

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Secure attachment style

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135. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, _____ is the cognitive appraisal of the relationship and the intent to maintain the relationship even in the face of problems.

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commitment

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136. If passion and commitment are present but intimacy is not, Sternberg calls the relationship _____ love, as when one person worships another from a distance.

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fatuous

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137. Bob worships his colleague Anne. He loves her from afar but there is no intimacy or closeness between them. Sternberg would characterize this as _____ love.

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fatuous

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138. Which of the following is NOT a problem that face many cohabitating couples?

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Pet ownership

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139. In which country is cohabitation virtually universal before marriage?

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Sweden

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140. Since the early 1900s, the goal of maintaining a stable marriage has:

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decreased in its level of relative importance.

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141. According to the newest statistics, what proportion of marriages now begin online?

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1/3

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142. Most divorces occur in the _____ year of marriage.

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fifth to tenth

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143. According to recent studies, half of first marriages will end in divorce within _____ years.

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twenty

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144. All of the following are myths about gay and lesbian couples EXCEPT:

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They prefer long-term, committed relationships.

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145. _____ is the developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age.

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Middle adulthood

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146. In terms of visible signs of aging, sagging facial skin and wrinkles were linked to:

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smoking.

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147. Which of the following statements about bone and joint functioning is TRUE?

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By the end of midlife, bones break more easily and heal more slowly.

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148. Which of the following is MOST typical of the vision-related issues faced by middle-aged persons?

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Difficulty viewing close objects

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149. All of the following have been identified as sources of chronic stress EXCEPT:

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Marital satisfaction

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150. Which of the following is typical of the health condition during early and late middle-age?

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Susceptibility to colds and allergies decreases

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151. _____ is a term that is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.

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Climacteric

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152. Toby has the ability to visualize three-dimensional objects and rotate them. Toby's ability is known as:

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spatial orientation.

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153. An adult in middle age will do most POORLY on which of the following tasks?

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Hitting the brakes of a car when the light suddenly turns red

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154. According to Viktor Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are freedom, responsibility, and:

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spirituality.

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155. Guillermo has taught his apprentices all the specialized techniques he has developed over the years as a carpenter. According to Erikson, he has achieved _____ generativity.

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work

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156. What did Levinson's research conclude about women in midlife transition?

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Levinson reported that his stages, transitions, and the crisis of middle age hold for women as well as men.

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157. According to Lachman, researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in _____ and then declines.

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midlife

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158. Which of the following is the conclusion of the study conducted by Costa and McCrae on approximately 1,000 college-educated men and women aged 20 to 96?

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Considerable stability occurs in the five personality factors.

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159. Which one of the big five personality traits was NOT linked to improved self-rated health?

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Neuroticism

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160. What are the two major forms of love?

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Romantic and affectionate

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161. Cathy and Miguel have been dating for six months. Which of the following is likely to be LEAST important in their relationship?

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Loyalty

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162. Three prominent meanings are attached to being a grandparent. Which of the following is NOT one of those meanings?

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A financial strain

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163. Due to his son's financial and legal problems, Frank is now raising his grandchildren. As a result, Frank is at risk for developing:

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depression.

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164. Which of the following statements about intergenerational relations is TRUE?

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Similarity between parents and an adult child is most noticeable in religion and politics.

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165. Gisela is suffering from a condition that involves thickening of the lens of her eyes. This causes her vision to become cloudy or distorted. Identify the condition that Gisela is suffering from.

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Cataracts

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166. Lung capacity drops _____ percent between the ages of 20 and 80, even when disease is not present.

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40

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167. A new study revealed that sleeping at least _____ hours a night was linked to longer telomere length.

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7

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168. Salina walks with a marked stoop now that she is old. This is most likely due to:

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osteoporosis.

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169. An example of _____ attention is the ability to focus on one voice among many in a crowded room or a noisy restaurant.

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selective

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170. Older adults who were given speed of processing training showed improvements in their _____ attention.

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selective

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171. _____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment.

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Sustained

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172. _____ memory is memory without conscious recollection.

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Implicit

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173. Which of the following is TRUE about implicit memory?

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It involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed.

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174. _____ is the global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.

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Dementia

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175. When working with older clients, some clinicians use _____ therapy. Vanda is in one such therapy program and her clinician has her discussing past activities and experiences with other individuals in her group.

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reminiscence

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176. Life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful aging is related to three main factors:

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selection, optimization, and compensation.

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177. _____ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

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Selective optimization with compensation

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178. According to new studies, which of the Big Five factors of personality was linked to older adults' medication non-adherence across a six-year time frame?

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High level of neuroticism

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179. A longitudinal study of more than 1,200 individuals across seven decades revealed that a higher score on the Big Five personality factor of _____ predicted a lower risk of earlier death from childhood through late adulthood.

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conscientiousness

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180. Which of the following is the MOST frequent form of ageism?

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Disrespect for older adults

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181. In 2010, almost _____as many U.S. women 65 years and older lived in poverty as did their male counterparts.

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twice

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182. According to studies conducted, the majority of older adults evaluate their marriages as:

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happy or very happy.

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183. A low level of social integration is linked with:

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poorer health and earlier death in older adults.

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184. Which of the following is TRUE regarding altruism and volunteerism in older adults?

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Older adults are focused on contributing to the public good.

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185. An advanced directive/living will must be signed when:

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an individual is able to think clearly.

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186. Which age group is MOST likely to die through assisted suicide?

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Ages 60-75

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187. In which of the following states is active euthanasia NOT considered a crime?

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Washington

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188. _____ is a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible.

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Hospice

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189. A Canadian study found that the overwhelming majority of individuals facing death wanted to be:

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at home.

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190. Which of the following religions believes in reincarnation?

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Buddhism

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191. "No, it can't be me. It's not possible," thinks Clara, when she hears the news of her terminal illness. Which of Kübler-Ross' stages of dying is Clara currently in?

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Denial and isolation

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192. According to Kübler-Ross, in the _____ stage of dying, the dying person recognizes that denial can no longer be maintained.

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Anger

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193. Deaths that are sudden, violent, or traumatic are likely to:

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Produce more intense feelings in survivors than if the person died of a long illness.

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194. In which of the following countries is cremation most popular?

answer

Japan

Developmental Psychology Final Study Guide – Flashcards

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