Test Answers on Developmental Psych Final – Flashcards
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age identity, chronological age
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as adults become older their ______ is younger than their ______
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age identity
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how old you feel
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39 years old
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the middle of life age
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cohort
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group of people born in a certain year or time period
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height, weight
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middle age adults lose _____ and gain _____
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2 inches
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women can lose as much as _____ of height from ages 25 to 75
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sarcopenia
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age-related loss of muscle mass and strength
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twenties
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peak functioning body parts occur in your ____
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mid-late thirties
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maximum bone density occurs in _____
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bad kind
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LDL cholesterol is the _____
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good kind
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HDL cholesterol is the _____
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metabolic syndrome
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a condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance; often leads to diabetes and cardiovascular disease
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cancer and cardiovascular disease
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leading causes of death
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climacteric
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the midlife transition in which fertility declines
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menopause
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the complete cessation of a women's menstruation, which usually occurs in the late 40s-early 50s
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breast cancer
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having a later menopause means an increased risk for ___________
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hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, rapid heartbeat
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symptoms of menopause
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early ejactulation, erectile difficulties
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middle aged sex problems for men
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lack of interest, lubrication difficulties
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middle aged sex problems for women
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crystallized intelligence
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accumulated information and verbal skills, which increases in middle age
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fluid intelligence
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the ability to reason abstractly, which steadily declines from middle adulthood on
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verbal comprehension
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ability to understand ideas expressed in words
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numeric ability
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ability to perform simple mathematical computations (addition, subtraction, multiplication)
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spatial orientation
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ability to visualize and mentally rotate stimuli in two and three dimensional space
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inductive reasoning
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ability to recognize and understand patterns and relationships in a problem and use this understanding to solve other instances of a problem
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perceptual speed
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ability to quickly and accurately make simple discriminations in visual stimuli
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reaction-time task
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a common way to assess speed of information
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working memory
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the mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language
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memory strategies
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_______ are most helpful in improving memory in middle age
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expertise
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having extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain
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leisure
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the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing
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generativity
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adults' desires to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation
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stagnation
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"self absorption" develops when individuals sense that they have done little or nothing for the next generation
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social engagement
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generativity is strongly linked to middle-aged adults positive _______
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dependence to independence
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at the end of one's teen years, a transition from ______ to _______ should occur
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Becoming One's Own Man
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BOOM
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exploring possibilities for adult living and developing a stable life
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the two major tasks that need to be mastered in early adulthood
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5
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transition to middle adulthood last about ___ years
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forties
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the _____ are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years
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contemporary life-events approach
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emphasizes the how a life event influences the individual's development depends on not only the life event, but also on mediating factors
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fight or flight
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when men experience stress, they are more likely to become aggressive, withdraw from social contract, or drink alcohol
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tend and befriend
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when women experience stress, they are more likely to seek social alliances with others, especially female friends
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historical contexts
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an individual's values attitudes, expectations, and behaviors are influenced by the historical time frame in which the person lives
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social clock
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the timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks, EX. getting married, having kids, establishing a career
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openness
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-imaginative or practical -interested in variety or routine -independent or conforming
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conscientiousness
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-organized or disorganized -careful or careless -disciplined or impulsive
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extraversion
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-sociable or retiring -fun loving or somber -affectionate or reserved
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agreeableness
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-soft-hearted or ruthless -trusting or suspicious -helpful or uncooperative
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neuroticism
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-calm or anxious -secure or insecure -self-satisfyed or self-pitying
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cumulative personality model
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states that with time and age, people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote the stability of personality
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reasons for divorce for women
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-verbal/physical abuse -alcohol/drug abuse -cheating
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reasons for divorce for men
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-fell out of love -cheating -different values/lifestyles
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empty nest syndrome
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a term used to indicate a decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave home
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religion and politics
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similarities between parents and adult children are most noticeable in:
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gender roles, lifestyle and work
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similarities between parents and adult children are least noticeable in:
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mother and daughters
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________ have the closest relationship during adult years
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integrity vs despair
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Erikson's 8th and final stage of development, which individuals experience in late adulthood. This involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent
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life review
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-looking back at one's life experiences -evaluating them -interpreting them -reinterpreting them
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integrity vs despair 2
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What is the last stage of development in life?
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reminiscence therapy
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involves discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group
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higher sense of integrity
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in a recent meta-analysis of 128 studies found that through reminiscence therapy, clients attained a ______
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activity therapy
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the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives
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socioemotional selectivity theory
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adults become more selective about their social networks because they want to spend more time with people they like
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high, low, high
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emotion-related trajectory is ____ during infancy to early childhood, ____ from middle childhood to early adulthood, and is ____ in middle and late adulthood
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positive
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emotional life of older adults is more ____ than once thought
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selective optimization with compensation theory
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the theory that successful aging is related to three main factors: selection, optimization and compensation
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selection
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based on the concept that older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains
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optimization
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suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies
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compensation
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becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential
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ageism
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prejudice against other people because of their age, especially against older adults
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cure rather than care
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a problem in the medical system for older adults is that it's still based on finding a ____________
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eldercare
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physical and emotional care taking for older members of the family EX. giving day-by-day assistance or overseeing such care
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less, less, more
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older adults are: ___ likely to have a computer in their home ___ likely to use the internet but they log ___ time on the internet than younger people
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happy
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older married couples are ______ in their relationships
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3%
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___ of older adults are cohabiting
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3
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adult daughters are ___ times more likely to give parents assistance with daily living activities than adult sons
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mid-seventies
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rates of volunteering do not decline significantly until the _________
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ageism, sexism, racism
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triple jeopardy
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brain death
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a neurological definition of death
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advance care planning
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process of patients thinking about and communicating the preferences regarding end-of-life care
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living will
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a legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning
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advance directive
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states such preferences as whether life-sustaining procedures should or should not be used to prolong the life of an individual when death is imminent. must be signed
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euthanasia
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"mercy killing" the act of painlessly ending the lives of persons who are suffering from incurable diseases or severe disabilities
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easy death
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euthanasia is known as an _____
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passive euthanasia
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a person is allowed to die by with holding averrable treatment
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active euthanasia
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when death is deliberately induced ex. when a lethal dose of a drug is injected
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oregon and washington
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the only two states that allow active euthanasia
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hospice
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a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible
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palliative care
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emphasized in hospice care; involves reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity
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good death
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-physical comfort -surrounded by loved one -appropriate care
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reincarnation
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Buddhism believes in _____
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denial and isolation
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the dying person denies that he or she is going to die
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anger
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the dying person's denial often gives way to anger, resentment, rage and envy
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bargaining
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the dying person develops the hope that death can somehow be postponed
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depression
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the dying person comes to accept the certainty of their death
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acceptance
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the dying person develops a sense of peace and desires to be alone
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grief
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the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompanies the loss of someone we love
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complicated grief/prolonged grief disorder
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grief that involves enduring despair and is still unresolved over an extended period of time
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disenfranchised grief
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an individual's grief over a deceased person that is a socially ambiguous loss that can't be openly mourned or supported ex. an ex spouse, abortion, someone from AIDS
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meaning
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finding _____ in the death of a spouse is linked to a lower level of anger during bereavement
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66%, 34%
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in the US in 2007, ____ bodies were disposed of by burial and ____ were by cremation
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wisdom
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expert knowledge about practical aspects of life that permits practical judgement about important matters
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5.4 million
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an estimated ____ adults in the US have had Alzheimer disease
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mitochondria
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the tiny bodies within the cell that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair
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both
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older adults are more likely to use ___ hemispheres of the brain
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120-125
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life span maximum
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life span
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maximum years an individual can live
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life expectancy
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number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live. average 78.3
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heart problems
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estrogen prevents:
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females
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Do females or males live longer?
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genes, family history, health, education, personality, lifestyle
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important roles in surviving to an extremely old age
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centenarians
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longer telomeres
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free radical theory
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theory that people age because the free radicals bounce around and damage DNA by oxidating low calorie diet limits and decay the mitochondria
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evolutionary theory
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natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults
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cellular clock theory
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cells can divide a maximum of 75-80 times
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dividing
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age makes cells less capable of ____
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later, earlier
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diseases that are developed ____ could be eliminated if they were developed ______
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reproduction fitness
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happens in early adulthood
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telomerase
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cancerous cells
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higher, longer
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stress remains _____ for _____ with age
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neurogenesis
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generation of new neurons
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aging
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linked to a reduction of production of certain neurotransmitters
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cataracts
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thickening of the lens of the eye, causes eyes to become cloudy and distorted
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glaucoma
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damage to the optic nerve because of pressure by a buildup of fluid in the eye
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macular degeneration
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deterioration of the macula of the retina
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arthritis and hypertension
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most common health problems in older adults
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cardiovascular disease
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the leading cause of death
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60%
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___% of people will die of cardiovascular disease or cancer
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arthritis
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inflammation of joints accompanied by pain, stillness, and movement problems
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osteoporosis
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extensive loss of bone tissue, lack of calcium, estrogen and exercise
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accidents
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6th leading cause of death in older adults, falls are the leading cause
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women
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are women(80%) or men(20%) more vulnerable to falls? ex.fractured hips
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happier and healthier
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if older adults are in a nursing home where they feel they get to make their own choices and decisions, it is proved that they feel _____
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selective attention
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using this attention has decreased in older adults
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divided attention
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older adults using this attention are less effective in more difficult tasks
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sustained attention
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older adults using this attention are normal and same as younger adults
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episodic memory
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retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings
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semantic memory
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person's knowledge and memory about the world
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state. ex. grocery list
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implicit memory
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memory without conscious recollection. ex. driving a car
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cognitive neuroscience
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discipline that studies links between the brain and cognitive functioning
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lower, fewer, higher
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older workers have _____ rates of absenteeism, ____ accidents, and _____ rates of satisfaction than their younger counter parts
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major depression
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mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory and bored
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less common
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major depression is ______ in older adults than younger adults.
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dementia
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involves a deterioration of mental functioning -23% women -17% men
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alzheimer disease
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gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical function
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more likely
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women are _____ to get alzheimer disease because they live longer
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parkinson disease
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a chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement and facial paralysis
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cholinerase inhibitors
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drugs used to treat Alzheimer disease
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decreases
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the chest size ______ in older adults
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acetylcholine
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reductions in ______ have been linked to small declines in memory-severe memory loss
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it treats mild cognitive impairment
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what is the effect of the drug treatment given to patients with Alzheimer disease?
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64,62
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what is the average retirement age for men? women?
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hearing problems
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elderly men are more likely to have
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dopamine
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severe reductions in the production of ______ have been linked to parkinson's disease
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estrogen and extra X
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biological reason that women have increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases
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risk factors for depression
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-overlooking insomnia -increase in self-critical thinking -curtailment of daily activities
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hippocampus
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neurogenesis has been documented in the
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telomeres
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DNA sequences that cap chromosomes
