Test Answers on Developmental Psych – Flashcards
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Cigarette smoking among US adolescents:
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peaked in 1996 and has gradually declined since then.
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In the last half of the twentieth century and the first several years of the twenty first century, US high school drop out rates:
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declined.
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In the University of Michigan Monitoring the Future Study ____ percent of high school seniors said they had been in a vehicle with a drugged or drinking driver.
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30
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According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ___ stage, begins.
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formal operational
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According to the study by Lloyd Johnston and his colleagues at the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan, monitoring the drug use of America's high school seniors in a wide range of public and private high schools, the percentage of illicit drug use:
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declined in the late 1990s
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Who is the founder of the present field of cognitive development?
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Jean Piaget
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In the sixth grade, early maturing girls show ___ with their figures than do late-maturing girls, but by the tenth grade late-maturing girls are more___.
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greater satisfaction; satisfied
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Anorexia nervosa is about ___ likely to occur in females than males.
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10 times more
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Leading researcher Charles Nelson proposed the view that, although adolescents are capable of very stong emotions, their prefrontal cortex has not adequately developed to the point at which the can control these passions. His view reflects the rapidly emerging field of ___, which involves connections between development, the brain, and socioemotional processes.
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social developmental neuroscience
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___ learning is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.
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Service
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Which of the following has been found to be true about binge drinking?
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Binge drinking has declined among high school seniors since 1980.
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In the Berkeley Longitudinal Study some years ago, early maturing boys perceived themselves ___ than did their late maturing counterparts. When the late maturing boys were in their thirties, however, they had developed a ___ than the early maturing boys had.
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more positively; stronger sense of identity
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When Daniel Offer and his colleagues studied the self image of adolescents in the United States, Australia, Bangladesh, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Taiwan, Turkey, and West Germany, at least ___ percent of the adolescents displayed a healthy self image.
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73
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Which of the following statements about the timing and variations in puberty is true?
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For girls, menarche is considered within the normal range if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15
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According to the National Youth Risk Survey, ___ boys exercised the most and ___ girls exercised the least among adolescents in the US.
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non-latino White; African American
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Identity development:
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gets done in bits and pieces.
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Which of the following statements about identity development is true?
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Identity encompasses an individual's personality characteristics.
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Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a ___ identity.
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bicultural
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Which of the following is the third leading cause of death in 10- to 19--year-olds today in the US?
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suicide
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Late bloomers comprise approximately 10 percent of ___ who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships.
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17- to 19-year-olds
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At ___ years of age, romantic relations are characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships.
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17 to 19
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Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls ___.
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identity confusion
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Early onset antisocial behavior:
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is associated with more mental health problems.
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Identity ___ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.
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foreclosure
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Which of the following statements about the trends in juvenile delinquency in the US is NOT true?
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About half of the delinquency caseloads in 2005 involve females.
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___ are excessively self-centered and self-congratulatory, viewing their own needs and desires as paramount.
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Narcissists
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A study of tenth graders revealed that:
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having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency.
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Results of a New Zealand longitudinal study that assessed the self esteem of adolescents at 11, 13, and 15 years of age and and adjustment and competence of the same individuals when they were 26 years old, indicated:
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that adults characterized by poorer mental and physical health were more likely to have low self esteem in adolescence than well adjusted, competent adults.
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___ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives.
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Crisis
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A concensus is developing that the key changes in identity are more likely to take place at ___.
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18 to 25 years of age.
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___ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity.
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Commitment
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Which of the following are mainly driving the increased media use by adolescents?
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Mobile media
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Though controversial, it is indicated that self esteem:
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declines in adolescent girls.
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Obesity is ___ prevalent among women with low incomes than among women with high incomes.
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several times more.
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A recent study revealed that college students from low SES backgrounds ___ than their higher SES counterparts.
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engaged in lower levels of physical activity
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This concept, recently described by Phyllis Moen, reflects ingrained cultural beliefs that engaging in hard work for long hours through adulthood will produce a path to status, security, and happiness.
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The career mystique
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Which if the follwoing is true about cigarette smoking?
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Children of smokers are at special risk for respiratory and middle ear diseases.
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Nicotine is a ___.
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Stimulant
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Most of us reach our peak physical performance:
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before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26.
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Emerging adults have ___ chronic health problems, and the have ___ colds and respiratory problems than when they were children.
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few; fewer
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According to Piaget, the ___ stage of cognitive development characterizes adults as well as adolescents.
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formal operational
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In interviews with 12- to 22-year-olds about finding their purpose in life, William Damon found that:
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the largest percentage had engaged in some potentially purposeful activities but still did not have a real commitment or any reasonable plans for reaching their goals.
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Binge drinking peaks at about:
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21 to 22 years of age.
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When people gain weight, the number of their ___ cells increases.
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adipose
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the weight you maintain when you make no effort to gain or lose weight is called your:
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set point.
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According to a recent study, college students from low SES backgrounds ___ when compared to their higher SES counterparts.
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showed unhealthy weight control
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In the United States, between 1980 and 2004 the percentage of Latinos and Asian Americans ___ in the workplace.
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more than doubled
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One study explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more that 17,000 individuals 17 to 30 years of age in 21 countries. The young adults' life satisfaction was NOT found to be positively related to ___.
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alcohol consumption
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Living together in a sexual relationship without being married is known as ___.
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cohabitation
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Gayle's divorce was final last year. During the first year after the divorce, Gayle spent every evening after work in a singles bar. She had several casual affairs. Gayle can be classified as a(n):
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libertine
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According to Robert J. Sternburg's triarchic theory of love, ___ relates to the emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship.
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intimacy
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Which of the following statements about marriage around the world is NOT true?
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Hungary encourages later marriage and a delay in childbearing.
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___ love is also called eros.
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Romantic
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According to E. Mavis Hetherington's research, the largest group of divorced people falls into the category of:
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the good enoughs.
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A relationship marked by intimacy and commitment but low or lacking in passion is called ___, a pattern often found among couples who have been married for many years.
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affectionate love
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The early stages of love have more ___ love ingredients.
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romantic
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Data from 2009 indicate that in the US for the first time in history:
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the proportion of individuals 25 to 34 years of age who have never been married exceeded those who were married.
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Deborah Tannen analyzed the talk of men and women and found that compared with women, men prefer to engage in ___ talk.
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report
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Recent studies confirmed that ___ individuals showed strong ambivalence toward a romantic partner.
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Attachment-anxious
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With regard to the timing of remarriage, in the United States:
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men tend to remarry sooner than women do.
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A longitudinal study revealed that the 15 percent most inhibited boys and girls at age 4 to 6 years of age were rated as inhibited by their parents and:
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delayed having a stable partnership
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___ love has strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates the early part of a love relationship.
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Romantic
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The ___ are characterized by individuals were motivated to find new mates as soon as possible after their divorce.
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seekers
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Currently the average duration of marriage in the United States is just over ___ years.
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9
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Which of the following is another name for romantic love?
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passionate love
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Since the early 1900s, the goal of maintaining a stable marriage has:
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decreased in its level of relative importance.
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According to studies, whichof the following is one of the most common sexual problems of older women?
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Lack of sexual interest
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Which of the following is an example of a nonfatal disorder?
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Bursitis
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John Horn maintains that in middle adulthood, ___ intelligence continues to increase.
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crystallized
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On average, body fat accounts for about ___ of body weight in middle age.
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20 percent
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Cholesterol comes in two forms ___ and HDL
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LDL
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___ is a term that is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines/
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Climacteric
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Which of the following health issues is observed to occur at an above average rate to older African-Americans?
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High blood pressure
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Hardening of the arteries is known as ___.
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Atherosclerosis
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HDL is often referred to as ___ cholesterol.
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"good"
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A girl's first menstruation is called ___.
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menarche
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As discussed in Chapter 1, apart from chronological age, individuals may have all of the following age categorizations EXCEPT:
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anthropological age
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The Seattle Longitudinal Study concluded that middle age is a time of:
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peak performance for verbal ability
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Why is LDL referred to as "bad" cholesterol?
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High levels of LDL cause atherosclerosis
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The average adult in middle adulthood ___ height and ___ weight.
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loses; gains
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This type of white blood cell that is more likely to be present in low stress circumstances are referred to as ___.
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NK cells
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Middle aged Americans agree that a major component of their well-being involves:
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positive relationships
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One study by Sharp & others revealed that ___ was related to superior cognitive functioning and IQ across the life span.
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openness
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In a recent study by Cox & others, ___ was strongly linked to a middle aged adults positive social engagement in contexts such as family life and community activities.
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generativity
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According to Lachmann, researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in ___ and then declines.
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midlife
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Stages of adulthood in the Gusii culture of Kenya are defined by:
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events in a person's life
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In a survey conducted by AARP (2004), the primary reason middle aged and older women cited for wanting a divorce was:
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verbal, physical, or emotional abuse.
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Cohorts refer to:
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groups of individuals born in the same year or time period.
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According to Levinson, the changes to middle-adulthood requires that the adult male come to grips with four major conflicts. Which of the following is NOT one of these major conflicts?
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Being attractive versus being unattractive.
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In a survey conducted by AARP (2004), ___ percent of the divorced women said they initiated the divorce compared with only ___ oercent of the divorced men.
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66; 41
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Factors at age 50 that were linked with being in the "happy-well" group at age 75 to 80 years of age included all of the following EXCEPT:
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being wealthy
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The majority of sibling relationships in adulthood are ___.
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close
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The timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career is known as the ___.
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social clock
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Almost half of the grandchildren who move in with grandparents are raised by:
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a single grandmother
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According to Helson's Mills College Study, women who did not commit themselves to one of the lifestyle patterns (family-oriented, career oriented, and those who followed neither path):
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faced fewer challenges and did not develop as fully as the other women.
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Cohort effects are differences based on:
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historical contexts
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According to research by Rossi, which of the following were found to have the closest relationships during their adult years?
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Mothers and daughters
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In the ___ style of grandparenting, the grandparent perform what was considered to be a proper and prescribed role; these grandparents show a strong interest in their grandchildren but are careful not to give child rearing advice.
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formal
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A meta analysis revealed that ___ was linked to pursuing entrepreneurial goals such as starting a new business, and to success in those pursuits.
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openness
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Exercise can reduce the risk of all of the following conditions EXCEPT:
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type 1 diabetes
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___ are the most noticeable changes in physical appearance in late adulthood.
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Wrinkles and age spots
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___ involves an extensive loss of bone tissue.
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Osteoporosis
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The oldest-old today are mostly:
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female.
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Researchers have extended the life of a human cell by:
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injecting it with telomerase.
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A person with ___ does not feel well, loses stamina easily, has a poor appetite, and is listless and unmotivated.
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major depression
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Which of the following is the main treatment for Parkinson in the earlier stages?
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Dopamine agonists
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Perceptual speed shows considerable decline in late adulthood and is strongly linked with declines in ___.
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working memory
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Which of the following is a drug that is used in the treatment of Parkinson disease?
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L-dopa
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A person's knowledge about the world is called ___ memory.
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semantic
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___ are the culture based "software programs" of the mind.
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Cognitive pragmatics
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___, which is closely linked to short term memory, is like a place for doing mental jobs and allows children and adults to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, problem solving, and comprehending written and spoken language.
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working memory
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The concept of ___ enphasizes that changes in cognitive activity patterns might result in disuse and consequent atrophy of cognitive skills.
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"use it or lose it"
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The term Baltes uses to describe the "hardware" of the mind, meaning the neurophysiological architecture if the brain through evolution is:
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cognitive mechanics
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On average, today's workers in the United States will spend ___ to ___ of their lives in retirement.
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10 percent; 15 percent
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It is observed that respect for older adults is greater in ___ cultures than ___ cultures.
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collectivistic; individualistic
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According to Erikson, the ___ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.
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integrity versus despair
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Adult daughters are ___ times more likely than adult sons to give parents assistance with daily living activities.
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three
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A survey across a range of 21 developed and developing countries revealed that a majority of adults in their sixties and seventies reported:
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being in control of their lives.
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The ___ issue raises questions about whether the young should be required to pay for the old.
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generational equity
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According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory for knowledge related goals declines during:
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middle and late adulthood
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The majority of older adults living alone are widowed, encompassing ___ times as many women as men.
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three
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According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge related goals peak in:
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adolescence and early adulthood
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___ percent of women 75 years and older live alone.
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fifty
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___ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.
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Selective optimization with compensation
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Life span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful agin is related to three main factors:
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selection, optimization, and compensation
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Prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults, is known as ___.
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ageism
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In 2010, ___ percent of older adults in the United States were living in poverty.
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9
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In 2010, ___ percent of single, divorced, or widowed women 65 years and older lived in poverty.
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19
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According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, individuals are motivated by teo types of goals- emotional and:
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knowledge-related
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Approximately ___ f the total health bill of the United States is for the care of adults 65 and over, who comprise only 12 percent of the population.
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one-third
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___ illness often follows a pattern of an acute period that may require hospitalization, followed by a longer period of remission, and then repetitions of this pattern.
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Chronic
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A recent meta analysis of 128 studies found that through reminiscence therapy, clients attained a:
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higher sense of integrity
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The Women's Health Initiative Study of Widowhood was a 3-year longitudinal study designed to examine all of the aspects of widows EXCEPT:
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community relations
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Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurs when an infant:
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stops breathing, usually during the night, and dies without apparent cause.
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In general, maintenance of ties with the deceased is an accepted practice in:
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Japan
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In the ___ stage of dying, the dying person's question is, "Why me?"
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anger
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In the United States, in 2007, ___ percent of corpses were disposed of by burial.
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66
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A study of more than 1000 college students by Currier, Holland and Neimeyer found that ___ was an important factor in their grieving a violent loss by accident, homicide, or suicide.
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making sense
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In 1900, most people died:
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at home, cared for by their family.
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Sometimes euthanasia is called:
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"mercy killing"
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According to Kubler-Ross, during the ___ stage of dying the realization of loss is great and those who symbolize life, energy, and competent functioning are especially salient targets of the dying person's resentment and jealousy.
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anger
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Most psychologists believe that it is best for dying individuals to:
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know they are dying
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___ can be used to avoid the destructive impact of shock by delaying the necessity of dealing with one's death.
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Denial
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___ is a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain anxiety, and depression as possible.
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Hospice
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An intermittent, recurrent wish or need to recover the deceased person is known as ___.
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pining
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In Harrington & Smith's study of patients with advanced cancer. only ___ of doctors told patients how long they were likely to live.
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37 percent
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___ refers to a legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning.
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Living will
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Most psychologists emphasize that ___ is the best strategy in discussing death with children.
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honesty
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Brain death occurs when:
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all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time.
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According to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, which of the following is the first stage of dying?
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Denial and isolation
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A recent Belgian study by Van Wesemael & others found that approximately ___ percent of the requests for euthanasia were granted.
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50
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Hospice advocates underscore that it is possible to:
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Control pain for almost any dying individual.
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A(n) ___ states such preferences as whether life-sustaining procedures should or should not be used to prolong life of an individual when death is imminent.
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advance directive
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An estimated ___ percent of survivors experience normal or uncomplicated grief reactions that include sadness and even disbelief or considerable anguish.
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80 to 90
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The type of care that is designed to reduce pain and suffering and help individuals die with dignity is known as:
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palliative care
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Hospices are more likely to serve people with ___ than those with other life-threatening conditions:
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terminal cancer
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In the Tanala culture of Madagascar, death is believed to be caused by:
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natural forces
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In the United States, in 2007, burial, ___ percent of corpses were disposed of by cremation.
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34
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This type of grief involves enduring despair that is still unresolved over an extended period of time has been labeled ___ disorder by Holly Prigerson and her colleagues.
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prolonged grief
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Active euthanasia is legal in the state of:
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Oregon
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The ___ portions of the brain often die sooner than the ___ portions.
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higher, lower
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In Jewish tradition, the 30-day period following the burial including shivah is known as ___.
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sheloshim
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At which age do infants have the highest risk of dying from SIDS?
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2 to 4 months of age
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Currently in the United States, 90 percent of hospice care is provided:
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in the patients' homes
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In the Gond culture of India, death is believed to be caused by:
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magic and demons