Developmental Psych – Flashcards
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Posing a question
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The first step in the scientific method involves:
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the repetition of a study, using different participants
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What is replication of a study?
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when certain things must occur for normal development
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What is a "critical period" of development?
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social class.
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Socioeconomic status refers to an individual's:
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ability of human traits to be molded during development.
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The notion of plasticity refers to the:
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correlational
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A researcher studies the relationship between two variables and determines the likelihood that a change in one variable will result in a change in the other. What type of research is this person conducting?
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Code of ethics
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The set of moral principles used by each academic discipline and professional society to protect the integrity of research is referred to as their:
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providing details of the study which will allow for replication
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In order to prevent a researcher's bias from interfering with ethical data collection and reporting, which of the following is an important part of the research process?
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are of major importance to society.
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Researchers have an ethical obligation to choose topics of study that:
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how and why people change across the life span.
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The science of human development may best be described as an attempt to understand:
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23 pairs
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Every normal human body cell contains how many chromosomes?
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the actual expression of genetic traits.
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Phenotype refers to:
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the entire packet of instructions to make a living organism.
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A genome is:
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ova carry an X chromosome, whereas sperm carry either an X or a Y chromosome.
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One difference between sperm cells and ova is that
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its influence can be hidden by a more powerful gene.
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A gene is recessive when:
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recessive genes in your genotype that are not expressed.
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In genetic terms, if you are a "carrier" it means you have:
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They have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell.
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What is unique about stem cells?
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heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes.
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The five characteristics that are evaluated in the Apgar are:
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biochemical make-up.
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The development of alcoholism is affected by:
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threshold effect.
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Some teratogens are harmless until they reach a certain level of exposure; they then become dangerous, thus demonstrating the:
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neurons.
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Brain cells are called:
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involuntary response to a stimulus.
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A reflex is a(n):
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breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomachaches.
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Studies comparing breast-feeding with bottle-feeding show that:
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sensorimotor intelligence.
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Piaget called the infants' first period of cognitive development:
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12 months of age.
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On average, children begin saying recognizable words at about:
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the infant's use of one word to express a whole thought.
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The term holophrase is used to denote:
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a hybrid theory of language learning.
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The idea that "multiple attentional, social and linguistic cues" contribute to early language learning supports the idea of:
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trial and error
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The scientific method used by an infant in stage five is:
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assimilation and accommodation.
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According to Jean Piaget, the two elements of adaptation are:
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12 months
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By what age will an infant respond differently to her mother's touch depending on whether it is tense or relaxed?
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psychoanalytic theorist.
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Sigmund Freud was a(n):
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learning whether the world can be trusted to meet basic needs.
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In Erikson's theory, the infant's earliest task is described as that of:
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Watson
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Which of the following theorists stated that "failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child—assuming bodily health—falls squarely upon the parents' shoulders"?
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working model.
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According to cognitive theory, infants use their early relationships to develop a set of assumptions that become a frame of reference they may use later in life. Such a set of assumptions is called a:
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ethnotheory.
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A set of ideas in which the values and practices of a particular culture or ethnic group is embedded is a(n):
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temperament.
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"Constitutionally based individual differences in emotions, activity, and self-control" would be a useful and appropriate definition of:
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OCEAN
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Which of the following acronyms might you use to remember the Big Five personality traits?
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80%
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In the United States, what percentage of children are cared for by someone else, in addition to the mother?
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Social referencing
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A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called:
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Attachment
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A lasting emotional bond that an infant forms with a caregiver defines:
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"She isn't eating enough."
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Parents of a 5-year-old girl are likely to say:
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mastery of gross and fine motor skills
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Which of the following is a result of extensive, active play in young children?
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speeds up the transmission of neural impulses.
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Myelination:
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70
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According to statistics regarding substantiated cases of child maltreatment, about 1 out of every ______ children age 2-5 years is maltreated each year.
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theory-theory
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Preschoolers have a tendency to try to make up a reason why things that they see and hear occur. This tendency is known as:
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pre-operational
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Piaget called cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 ______ intelligence.
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emotions
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The amygdala is a brain structure that registers:
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egocentrism.
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The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which the child thinks about the world only from his personal perspective is:
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social mediation.
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The function of speech by which a person's understanding is expanded and advanced is:
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the only time language can be learned.
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A critical-period view of language learning refers to:
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learning when and how to express emotions.
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The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is:
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Guilt; shame
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______ is generally considered a more mature emotion than ______ because the former one comes from within the individual and demonstrates self-awareness.
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reinforcement.
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To understand gender attitudes and roles, behaviorists stress:
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the Oedipus complex.
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In Freudian theory, when a little boy develops sexual feelings toward his mother and becomes jealous of his father, this is called:
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play
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One of the most important ways in which children learn to control their aggression is through:
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permissive
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Children who lack self-control are most likely to have parents who are:
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Mark intentionally knocks over Simon's blocks.
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An example of antisocial behavior is:
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a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents
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Psychological control as a means of discipline relies on which of the following?
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cognitive theorists.
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Theorists who support a focus on children's understanding as opposed to observable behavior are:
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cognitive theory.
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Which of the following focuses on how children perceive and understand their experiences?
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the hygiene hypothesis.
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The belief that our society's obsession with cleanliness and sterile environments may actually increase the risk of asthma is referred to as:
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85th; 95th
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Being overweight means having a body mass index (BMI) above the ______ percentile of growth charts; obese means having a BMI above the ______ percentile.
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stranger danger
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Which of the following is a contributor to the decline in neighborhood play among children?
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logic
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According to Piaget, which of the following abilities do children gain during middle childhood?
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automatization.
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The process by which thoughts and actions are repeated in sequence enough times to no longer require much conscious thought is called:
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metacognition.
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Evaluating a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish and monitor one's performance is called:
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115
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About two-thirds of all those who take IQ tests score in the "average" range, that is, between 85 and:
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adolescents
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There are no Wechsler Intelligence Scales for:
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selective attention.
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Growth in brain sophistication during middle childhood allows the child to direct his focus on certain stimuli to the exclusion of others. This ability is known as:
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computers.
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The information-processing theory likens many aspects of human thinking to the organization and functioning of:
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autonomy.
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Children's "increasing ability to regulate themselves, to take responsibility, and to exercise self-control" all contribute to their sense of:
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repression of his psychosexual needs
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According to Freud, which of the following will 8-year-old Sven experience?
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increased aggression.
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Unrealistically high or low self-esteem correlates with:
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resilient.
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The child who weathers severe family problems, even abuse, and somehow remains unscathed in the process is called:
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the theory is seen as not taking into account cultural differences.
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Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because:
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analyzing how people reason about what is right and wrong.
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Kohlberg measured morality by:
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repeated
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The key word in the definition of bullying is:
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the ability to understand social interactions.
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Social cognition refers to:
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legal and genetic relationships of family members.
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Family structure refers to:
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most of the environmental effects on personality may be from the "nonshared" environment.
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Parents' beliefs that they mold their children's personalities may be diminished by the finding that:
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puberty
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The period when children's bodies become adultlike is called:
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hypothalamus
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The biological events that begin puberty involve a hormonal signal from the
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testes in boys and ovaries in girls.
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The term gonads refers to:
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after-school athletic teams or clubs.
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A strategy to increase student motivation in high schools is widespread participation in:
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deductive reasoning.
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Beginning with an abstract idea and then using logic to draw specific conclusions describes:
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Elkind
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What is the name of the theorist who coined the terms personal fable and invincibility fable?
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the view that one is noticed by everyone
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In general, adolescent egocentrism refers to which of the following?
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the uterus and the testes begin to grow.
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Changes in primary sex characteristics during puberty include:
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chlamydia
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Which of the following is a sexually transmitted infection?
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the passion and commitment with which adolescents and young adults embrace nontraditional ideas.
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The still-developing prefrontal cortex and the full development of the limbic system are at least partially responsible for:
