Developmental Ch. 2 – Flashcards
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3. A theory guides all of the following EXCEPT a. what is most important to study. b. what can be hypothesized about. c. how many times an issue should be studied. d. how an issue should be studied.
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c. how many times an issue should be studied.
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4. A list of the most influential systems theorists would include the name a. Bronfenbrenner. b. Skinner. c. Freud. d. Bandura.
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a. Bronfenbrenner.
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5. A list of the most influential psychoanalytic theorists would include the name a. Erikson. b. Bronfenbrenner. c. Bandura. d. Gottlieb.
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a. Erikson
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6. A theory that is falsifiable is a. coherent. b. testable. c. discontinuous. d. valid.
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b. testable.
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7. If asked to list the key issues on which developmental theorists tend to disagree, you would AVOID saying a. activityâpassivity. b. longitudinalâcross-sectional. c. universalityâcontext specific. d. goodnessâbadness of human nature.
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b. longitudinalâcross-sectional.
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8. The theorist most associated with a learning theory approach to development is a. Erik Erikson. b. Albert Bandura. c. Jean Piaget. d. Sigmund Freud.
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b. Albert Bandura.
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10. As a strong believer of the influence of experience, John Locke emphasized the role of _____ in human development. a. fixations b. nature c. stages d. nurture
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d. nurture
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11. When John Locke referred to the mind of a human infant as like a tabula rasae, he meant that an infant's mind was a. cursed with original sin that made it naturally evil. b. more like that of chimps than human adults. c. a set of connected living nerves. d. empty and to be written on through experience.
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d. empty and to be written on through experience.
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13. With regard to the nature-nurture debate, a strong believer in nature would suggest that a. environmental influences are more important than genetic makeup in determining human behavior. b. maturation forces are more influential than environmental experiences in determining human behavior. c. teaching and enrichment of the environment are often more influential than genetics in determining human behavior. d. humans are basically good
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b. maturation forces are more influential than environmental experiences in determining human behavior.
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14. Miley is a strong believer in the power of nature in determining the way her son Cyrus acts. As a result, she is most likely to agree that Cyrus's aggression is the result of a. watching violent television. b. too much sugar in his diet. c. bad parenting. d. inheriting genes for violence.
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d. inheriting genes for violence.
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16. Which perspective argues that human development takes many paths and is minimally influenced by physiological factors? a. Nature perspective only b. Nurture perspective only c. Both the nature and nurture perspectives d. Neither the nature nor nurture perspectives
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b. Nurture perspective only
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17. A parent who falls on the "activity" side of the "activity-passivity" issue is most likely to believe that a. if a child is aggressive, the parents were not active enough in parenting. b. if new skills are not regularly used, they will disappear. c. we are naturally more active when young and become more passive with age. d. children play an important role in shaping their own development
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d. children play an important role in shaping their own development
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19. Which statement best describes the continuity approach to development? a. Small steps without sudden change b. The belief that children play no role in their development c. Common development across humanity d. Biologically driven maturation
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a. Small steps without sudden change
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28. Dr. Love believes that it is normal for a six-month-old to throw tantrums when she doesn't immediately get what she wants. Dr. Love's views are most in line with those of a. Piaget. b. Freud. c. Skinner. d. Bandura.
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b. Freud.
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33. According to Freud, I am the component of personality that is impulsive, irrational, and driven to satisfy instincts. I am the a. id. b. ego. c. superego. d. formal operation.
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a. id.
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44. Which of the following best characterizes Freud's position on the naturenurture issue? a. He emphasized nurture more than nature. b. He emphasized nature more than nurture. c. He emphasized both nature and nurture equally. d. He did not really take a stand on this issue.
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b. He emphasized nature more than nurture.
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59. Which defense mechanism involves removing unacceptable thoughts from consciousness? a. Reaction formation b. Projection c. Regression d. Repression
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d. Repression
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64. Adler, Jung, Horney, and Erikson are all well-known a. neo-behaviorists. b. neo-feminists. c. neo-Freudians. d. neo-contextualists.
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c. neo-Freudians
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65. In comparison to Freud, Erikson placed greater emphasis on a. infantile sexuality. b. development after adolescence. c. operant conditioning principles. d. biological determinants of behavior.
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b. development after adolescence.
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69. The preschoolaged child is typically in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages? a. Intimacy versus isolation b. Identity versus role confusion c. Initiative versus guilt d. Integrity versus despair
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c. Initiative versus guilt
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70. Rather than a sense of inferiority, eight-year-old Zeke has developed a sense of mastery in all his academic endeavors. Erikson would say that Zeke has a strong sense of a. generativity. b. integrity. c. autonomy. d. industry.
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d. industry.
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79. Watson believed that a. most children progress through a predictable series of stages that are programmed by biological maturation. b. children have many inborn tendencies. c. how a person turns out depends entirely on the environment in which he or she grows up d. elements of the unconscious mind are responsible for moral thought
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c. how a person turns out depends entirely on the environment in which he or she grows up
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83. In a study on digestion in dogs, Pavlov used the bell as a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus. b. neutral stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. neutral response.
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b. neutral stimulus.
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84. In Watson and Raynor's classical conditioning study with Albert, a steel bar banged with a hammer served as the a. unconditioned response. b. conditioned response. c. unconditioned stimulus. d. conditioned stimulus.
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c. unconditioned stimulus.
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89. Watson and Raynor's experiment is important because it demonstrated that a. infants are unable to learn. b. humans cannot be classically conditioned. c. fear can be learned. d. operant conditioning is more important than classical conditioning
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c. fear can be learned.
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90. _____ is best associated with operant conditioning theory. a. Piaget b. Vygotsky c. Bronfenbrenner d. Skinner
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d. Skinner
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94. In operant conditioning terms, a positive consequence is to a negative consequence as a. good is to bad. b. adding is to removing. c. reinforcement is to punishment. d. operant is to classical.
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b. adding is to removing.
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98. Which statement concerning effective positive reinforcement is true? a. Continuous schedules are most effective for establishing and maintaining a behavior. b. Partial schedules are most effective for establishing and maintaining a behavior. c. When first learning a behavior, a partial schedule of reinforcement is best, but when attempting to maintain a behavior, a continuous schedule is most effective. d. When first learning a behavior, a continuous schedule of reinforcement is best, but when attempting to maintain a behavior, a partial schedule is most effective.
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d. When first learning a behavior, a continuous schedule of reinforcement is best, but when attempting to maintain a behavior, a partial schedule is most effective.
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99. In operant conditioning terms, _____ occurs when something unpleasant is removed and the result is an increased response rate. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment
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b. negative reinforcement
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101. In operant conditioning terms, a negative consequence a. reinforces an action. b. punishes an action. c. occurs when something is removed. d. occurs when something is added.
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c. occurs when something is removed
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102. Punishment a. strengthens the likelihood that a behavioral response will occur in the future. b. weakens the likelihood that a behavioral response will occur in the future. c. strengthens a desired response while weakening an undesired response. d. weakens a desired response while strengthening an undesired response.
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b. weakens the likelihood that a behavioral response will occur in the future.
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104. Which is the best example of positive punishment? a. Giving a child money to get her to mow the lawn b. Hollering at a child to get him to stop fighting c. Grounding a child in order to stop her from staying out late d. Spanking a child in order to get him to stop swearing
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d. Spanking a child in order to get him to stop swearing
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107. Extinction impacts a behavior by a. making it less likely to occur. b. making it more likely to occur. c. making desired behavior more likely and undesired behaviors less likely. d. making undesired behavior more likely and desired behaviors less likely.
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a. making it less likely to occur
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108. Which statement best exemplifies the process of extinction? a. Just do it. b. Just keep the rewards coming. c. Just ignore it. d. Just keep the punishments coming.
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c. Just ignore it.
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109. Physical punishment tends to be most effective when it is a. very harsh. b. administered immediately after the offensive act. c. not accompanied by verbal explanations. d. not combined with other efforts to reinforce behavior
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b. administered immediately after the offensive act.
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110. One of the elements that distinguished social cognitive theory from operant conditioning theory was the social cognitive theory emphasis on a. reinforcement. b. qualitative stages. c. observational learning. d. epigenetic processes.
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c. observational learning.
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117. The key "cognitive" aspect of social cognitive theory involving deliberate exercise of control over both one's environment and one's life is called a. human agency. b. instrumental conditioning. c. concrete operations. d. extinction.
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a. human agency.
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118. Which is the best example of Oscar's human agency? a. The fact that he learned to act by watching others act b. The fact that his ability to be selected to act in movies is heavily influenced by genetic factors like his good looks c. The fact that his acting is highly influenced by some unresolved and unconscious sexual desire d. The fact that his high sense of self-efficacy concerning acting allows him to believe that he is a good actor
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d. The fact that his high sense of self-efficacy concerning acting allows him to believe that he is a good actor
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121. Learning theory explanations for school refusal include all of the following EXCEPT a. the influence of unconscious desires of the id. b. consequences of staying at home versus going to school. c. the positive reinforcement for staying at home provided by a mother. d. a child seeing another child who became very anxious at school.
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a. the influence of unconscious desires of the id.
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122. What is a common criticism of learning approaches to human development? a. Placing too little emphasis on genetic factors b. Failing to account for the fact that experiences appear to affect behavior c. Placing too much emphasis on unconscious factors d. Failing to describe any types of consequences that influence development
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a. Placing too little emphasis on genetic factors
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124. _____ championed the position called constructivism. a. Skinner b. Freud c. Piaget d. Bronfenbrenner
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c. Piaget
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125. Constructivism proposes that children learn best a. by doing. b. when an adult completes a task for them. c. when genetics determine a behavior. d. through vicarious reinforcement.
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a. by doing.
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127. During the _____ stage of development, individuals lack the ability to use symbols. a. concrete operations b. formal operations c. preoperational d. sensorimotor
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d. sensorimotor
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130. Ruby watches as her mom puts a couple of drops of red food coloring into her glass of water. Although Ruby tasted the water just before her mom put in the drops, Ruby now believes that her water will taste like fruit punch. Piaget would most likely argue that Ruby is in the _____ stage of development. a. concrete operations b. formal operations c. preoperational d. sensorimotor
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c. preoperational
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133. Molly has just entered the stage of formal operational thought. Something she can do now that she could not do before is to a. engage in trial-and-error problem-solving. b. mentally classify objects in her head. c. think symbolically. d. deal effectively with purely hypothetical situations.
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d. deal effectively with purely hypothetical situations.
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134. A major criticism of Piaget's theory is that it a. has few practical applications. b. focuses too heavily on the importance of social relationships in determining the course of development. c. portrays children as passive learners. d. underestimates the cognitive abilities of young children.
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d. underestimates the cognitive abilities of young children.
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135. Because Rooney has a strong belief in a sociocultural view of cognitive development, he would be most likely to say, "_____." a. It's all about the genes b. You have to consider the important impact of historical context on development c. Development clearly follows a specific set of stages d. Unconscious motives underlie most decisions
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b. You have to consider the important impact of historical context on development
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137. A theorist with a(n) _____ perspective would be most likely to focus on the interaction between a changing environmental context and a person who is producing changes in the environment. a. psychoanalytic b. systems c. discontinuity d. operant conditioning
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b. systems
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138. Who would best be described as an influential systems theorist? a. Pavlov b. Rayners c. Erikson d. Bronfenbrenner
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d. Bronfenbrenner
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139. In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the immediate physical and social environment is the a. microsystem. b. exosystem. c. macrosystem. d. mesosystem
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a. microsystem
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140. The greatest weakness of the systems theory of development is that it a. places too great an emphasis on genes. b. shows no appreciation for development during adulthood. c. fails to provide a coherent picture of development. d. views conscious factors as being as influential as unconscious factors.
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c. fails to provide a coherent picture of development.
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141. As a strong believer in learning theory, Bea would be most likely to describe parents as _____ of their children. a. trainers b. supporters c. partners d. genetic-precursors
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a. trainers
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144. The term tabula rasa is best translated as "blank slate." a. True b. False
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a. True
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148. The ego is the irrational, impulsive component of personality that serves only to satisfy one's instincts. a. True b. False
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b. False
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151. Erikson suggested that humans develop over a series of psychosexual stages. a. True b. False
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b. False
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152. A major weakness of psychoanalytic theories is that they do not adequately explain how development comes about. a. True b. False
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a. True
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153. According to Erikson, teenagers struggle with the crisis of generativity versus stagnation. a. True b. False
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b. False
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155. If effective, negative reinforcement leads to an increase in the frequency of a behavior. a. True b. False
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a. True
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158. Bandura was highly critical of the notion of reciprocal determinism. a. True b. False
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b. False
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160. According to Piaget, a child who is unable to use symbols to help solve problems mentally is in the preoperational stage of development. a. True b. False
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b. False
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161. An important focus of systems theory is in understanding the behavior of individuals in their environment. a. True b. False
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a. True
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162. Systems theorists argue that genes completely dictate human behavior. a. True b. False
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b. False
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163. Stage theorists tend to view parents as supporters of development, while learning theorists tend to view parents as supporters of behavior. a. True b. False
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a. True
