Dev Psych ch 9 – Flashcards
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A(n) _____ on appearance is a characteristic of preoperational thought involving a child ignoring all attributes that are not apparent.
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focus
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According to the text, the Chinese numbers from 11 to 19 are easier to understand than the same numbers in English, possibly because of:
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linguistics.
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The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing _____ is called theory-theory.
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theories
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Bill helps his son to learn to tie his shoes; Bill lets his son try by himself while Bill encourages him. According to Lev Vygotsky, this is called _____.
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guided participation
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Many studies have suggested that the primary factor in the development of theory of mind is:
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brain maturation.
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An experimenter who lines up seven pairs of checkers in two rows of equal length and asks a child if the rows have the same number of checkers is MOST likely testing for conservation of _____.
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number
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The idea that children attempt to _____ everything they see and hear by constructing theories is called theory-theory.
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explain
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Jean Piaget's second of four stages of cognition is:
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preoperational intelligence.
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Parent-child conversations focusing on _____ seem to help children develop theory of mind.
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thoughts and wishes
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According to Jean Piaget, one of the reasons that logic is beyond young children is that young children are significantly limited by their own _____.
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perspective
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Reggie can ride a bike only if his mom is providing some physical support and coaching. Lev Vygotsky would say that:
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riding a bike is within Reggie's zone of proximal development.
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In the "puppy in the _____" experiment described in the text, the young children confused what they know now with what they once thought, and what they think someone else thinks.
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box
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A young child's belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive is known as _____.
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animism
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Jeremy is in preschool and has learned to count objects with one number per item. This is also called:
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one-to-one correspondence.
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According to Jean Piaget, centration is one of the characteristics that limit thinking in the _____ stage.
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preoperational
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At preschool, it is Steph's fourth birthday. Although Henry is only 3-years-old, he insists that he is older than Steph because he is taller than Steph. Henry's focus on height as the only measure of age is an example of:
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centration.
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Samantha is a young girl and is concerned that if she gets a short haircut, she might become a boy. This is an example of _____.
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focus on appearance
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Four-year-old Kanaan's mother makes him a ham and cheese sandwich for lunch. However, Kanaan refuses to eat the sandwich, stating that he does not like cheese. When Kanaan's mother removes the cheese from the sandwich, he still refuses to eat, and again states that he does not like cheese. This is an example of:
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irreversibility.
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An example of scaffolding in the United States is:
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joint reading with a child-explaining, pointing, listening.
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The Dalmatian is a dog that is noted for its unique black spotted coat. One day, Rachel told her parents that she had seen "Dalmatian cows" on a field trip. She came to this conclusion because of the concept of _____.
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logical extension
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People in the United States who are not proficient in English are at higher risk of diminished self-_____.
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esteem
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All of these are excellent methods for children learning about listening, talking, and reading EXCEPT:
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educational television.
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According to the text, when children become equally fluent in two languages:
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it is beneficial to their development.
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Brain maturation, scaffolding, myelination, and social interaction make early childhood ideal for _____ development.
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language
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Which early childhood approach emphasizes preparation for school through large-group instruction?
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teacher-directed
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According to the text, regardless of the curriculum, all young children need personal attention, _____, and continuity.
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consistency
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All of the following are long-term benefits suggested in the intensive, early intervention programs described in the text EXCEPT participants:
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achieve the most if they are intellectually gifted.
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Which is MOST likely to be taught in a teacher-directed school?
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writing letters
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Reinforcement is used to facilitate learning in _____-directed early childhood education programs.
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teacher
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An early-education program whose goal is to make all children "ready to learn" and to prepare them for entering elementary school is MOST likely a(n) _____-directed program.
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teacher
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Lily is in a school program that teaches half the day in Spanish and half English. She is in a program for _____ learners.
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dual language
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Teacher-directed early-education programs are based on which developmental theory?
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behavioral theory
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The _____ child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the MOST emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction.
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Reggio Emilia
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In 1990, more than _____ percent of 5 and 6-year-olds in the United States were enrolled in an educational program.
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90
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Sylvia did well in her Montessori preschool which emphasized self-discovery and self-pacing in learning. She is now doing equally well in her new teacher-directed preschool program which emphasizes academic skills and structure. Her ability to do well in both settings illustrates that:
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many types of programs foster learning.
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The results of a 2006 study of 5-year-olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, children exposed to a Montessori program were better at prereading and early _____ tasks.
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math
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Bob is in a school program that has a curriculum that includes learning the names of letters, numbers, shapes and colors according to a set timetable. He is MOST likely in a:
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teacher-directed program.
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A preschool has a low teacher/child ratio and ample opportunity for creative expression. many of the students are engaged in long-term art projects of their choosing. This MOST likely resembles which child-centered approach?
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Reggio Emilia
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Maria's father works long hours and her mother, who keeps Maria at home, typically just sends her to her bedroom to play by herself. This example illustrates the importance of _____ of the early learning context.
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quality
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Which child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the MOST emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction?
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Reggio Emilia
