Dev. Psych. Ch. 5 – Flashcards
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Most infant intelligence tests emphasize __________.
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perceptual and motor responses
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__________ can be thought of as a "mental workspace" that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life.
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Working memory
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Intelligence test scores of infants and toddlers often do not reflect their true abilities because _________.
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they easily become distracted, fatigued, or bored during testing
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Vygotsky believed that complex mental activities have their origin in ___________.
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social interaction
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According to Piaget, specific psychological structures called __________ are organized ways of making sense of experience.
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schemes
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Dr. Hahn believes that language is etched into the structure of the brain. Dr. Hahn endorses the __________ perspective of language development.
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nativist
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Baby Kataro frequently experiences joint attention. This means that he will probably ____________.
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produce meaningful words earlier
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U.S. child care settings providing the very worst quality of care tend to serve __________ families.
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middle-SES
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Efforts to teach language to nonhuman primates ______.
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support Chomsky's assumption that the capacity for elaborate grammar is unique to humans
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Baby Luigi retrieves his pacifier, which his mother has hidden behind a pillow. Baby Luigi has begun to master __________.
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object permanence
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Infant-directed speech and parent-child conversation _________.
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create a zone of proximal development in which children's language expands
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Which of the following is true about infantile amnesia?
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Most older children and adults cannot retrieve events that happened before age 3.
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__________ and __________ provide windows into early memory by showing that retention of visual events increases dramatically over infancy and toddlerhood.
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Operant conditioning; habituation
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In Piaget's theory, __________ are the building blocks of sensorimotor intelligence.
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newborn reflexes
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In Piaget's theory, when children are in a state of disequilibrium, _____________.
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cognitive change is rapid
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Research demonstrates that early make-believe play is __________.
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the combined result of children's readiness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it
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In Piaget's theory, 8- to 12-month-olds can use __________ to solve simple problems.
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goal-directed behavior
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Which of the following toddlers is the most likely to have the largest vocabulary?
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Fei Yen from China
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By 6 months of age, babies can categorize on the basis of ___________.
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two correlated features
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Recent evidence suggests that ___________.
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most children show a steady rate of word learning that continues through the preschool years
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Our most powerful mental representations include __________ and __________.
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images; concepts
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Alice calls untying her shoelaces "opening" her shoes. This is an example of _____________.
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overextension
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Good quality child care _________.
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can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life
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Infants in Substage 4 of the sensorimotor period, who can better anticipate events, sometimes use __________ to try to change those events.
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their capacity for intentional behavior
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Sophia has an IQ of 85. She performed as well or better than _____ percent of her agemates.
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16
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Piaget's first stage, the sensorimotor stage, spans the first __________ of life.
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two years
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Early intervention programs _______.
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serve economically at-risk children and their parents
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Korean toddlers often develop object-sorting skills later than their English-speaking counterparts because_______.
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the Korean language often omits object names from sentences
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Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen's skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example best illustrates the concept of______.
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scaffolding
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Unlike Piaget, most researchers now believe that _____.
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infants have some built-in cognitive equipment for making sense of experience
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In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renée Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for ______.
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object permanence in the first few months of life
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In the information-processing system, information first enters _________.
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the sensory register
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Baby Alan started opening his mouth differently for a nipple than for a spoon. Baby Alan is probably in Stage ___ of Piaget's sensorimotor stages.
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2
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__________ involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment.
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Adaptation
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According to Noam Chomsky, all children have a __________ device that contains a universal grammar.
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language acquisition
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According to Piaget, organization takes place________.
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internally
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Follow-up research on cognitive development indicates that __________ is present as early as 6 weeks.
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deferred imitation
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According to Vygotsky, __________ is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners.
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the zone of proximal development
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In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs, _________.
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more effective schemes are produced
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When toddlers first learn words, they often apply them too narrowly, an error called ___________.
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underextension
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Recent ideas about language development emphasize _________.
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interactions between inner capacities and environmental influences
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A group of 2-year-olds watch through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room. Another group watches the same event on a video screen. Which of the following is likely to occur?
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Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty.
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At all ages, __________ develops ahead of __________.
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comprehension; production
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Which of the following is true about telegraphic speech?
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It usually copies adult word pairings.
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The earlier toddlers __________, the sooner they produce two-word utterances at the end of the second year.
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form word-gesture combinations
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__________ is a form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts.
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Infant-directed speech
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Dr. Ewing measured individual differences in a large sample of individuals using intelligence testing. If performances at each age level formed a normal distribution, the results were probably _____-shaped.
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bell
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Two-month-old Penny makes vowel-like noises. This is an example of ____________.
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cooing
