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maxilla

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upper teeth located here; upper arch

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mandible

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lower teeth are located here; lower arch; capable of up and down movement and some side motion

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supernumerary tooth

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Extra erupted or unerupted teeth that resemble teeth of normal shape.

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crown

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part of the tooth visible in the mouth above the gum line

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enamel

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shiny covering on the crown of the tooth, it is the hardest body substance, it will not regrow if damaged

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root

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tooth structure below the gum line. Teeth are supported by 1, 2, or even 3 of these.

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cementum

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covers the outside of the root

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Periodontal ligament

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attaches to the cementum on one side of the tooth, and the alveolar bone on the other side

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dentin

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the bulk of the tooth is composed of this; it is harder than bone, but not as hard as enamel; it lies under the enamel and the cementum.

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pulp

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produces dentin; it is composed of blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue

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pulp cavity

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located within the central core of the tooth; it holds the pulp. It is sometimes called the tooth's "nerve" or "root canal"

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pulp chamber

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part of the pulp cavity located in the crown

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root canal

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portion located beneath the gum line

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apex

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term used for the tip of the tooth

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Peridontium

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area where the tooth meets the gum; it includes the marginal gingiva, gingival sulcus, periodontal ligament, and the alveolar bone

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Marginal gingiva-

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area where the gum lies against the tooth

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Gingival sulcus

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a collar of tissue around the tooth; this is also called the periodontal pocket when abnormal

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Periodontal ligament

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attaches the tooth to the bone

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Alveolar bone

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tooth socket

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Gingiva

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means "gum tissue"

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Attached gingiva

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the gingiva tightly attached to the alveolar bone

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Mucogingival line

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(MGL)- the junction line where the first attached gingiva connects to the loose buccal mucosa

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temporomandibular joint-

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The joint between the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone.

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Facial

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the outer surface of a tooth adjacent to the lips and cheeks

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Labial

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suface close to the lips

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Incisor

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located in front of the canine teeth; there are 6 in the mandible and 6 in the maxilla; they are single rooted; they are used for tearing food, cutting, nibbling, and grooming

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Canine teeth-

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("fang, cuspid, or eye"); there are 2 in the mandible and 2 in the maxilla; they are the largest and strongest, single rooted teeth in the mouth; they are used for food grasping, tearing, and protection

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Premolars

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located behind the canine teeth; used to cut, hold, and shear food.

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Molars

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they have a flat surface for grinding food

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Prophy

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short for prophylaxis, which means the prevention or protection from disease

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Plaque

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results when certain types of bacteria normally found in the oral cavity together with normal mouth fluids, attach themselves to the surgace of the teeth and gums in sticky masses.

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Calculus

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occurs on and below the tooth surgace when plaque becomes mineralized; it cannot form without plaque

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Scaling

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process where plaque and calculus are removed from above the gumline

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Root planing

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process which embedded calculus and portions of diseased root surgaces are removed from beneath the gumline.

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Scaler

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has a sharp tip and three sharp edges, the blade can be straight or curved and is shaped like a sharp triangle; they should only be used for removal of supragingival calculus

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Curets

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hand instruments to remove calculus and debris from below the gumline; they have blunt tips and thin curved sides. Two cutting edges merge into a round tip; they are used beneath the gumline

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Gracey curet

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designed to be used for root planing in deeper pockets.

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Periodontal explorer-

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commonly used probe where the eye cannot see

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Periodontal probe

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designed as an instrument for measuring the gingival collar around the tooth

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Sulcular depth

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the distance between the level of attachment (bottom of the gum socket or sulcus) to the free gingival margin

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Ultrasonic power scaler-

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use electricity to create vibrations for removing calculus from teeth

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Triadan Numbering System-

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separates the mouth into four quadrants. Specific teeth are identified with a 3 digit number. The maxillary right jaw teeth are the 100s, left maxillary teeth are the 200s, the left mandibular teeth are the 300s, and the right mandibular teeth are the 400s; use 500, 600, 700, and 800 when refering to baby teeth.

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Anatomic Identification System/ Dental Shorthand-

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I=incisors, C=canines, P=premolars, M=molars; use lower case letters for baby teeth; example for a dog- 2( I 3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3)= 42 teeth

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"charting"-

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means noting what you see during the examination on the patients permanent medical record

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Sulcus

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space between the gingiva and tooth

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Periodontal disease-

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the gigiva and periodontal ligament are inflamed and partially detached forming a pocket between the tooth and the attachment to the underlying bone.

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Congenital pathology-

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means disease that patients are born with or develop due to maternal disease; it is not hereditary and will not be passed on

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Developmental pathology-

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is disease that just happens much like a cold or broken leg; it is not based on genetics

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Gemini

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occurs when the tooth bud of a single tooth attempts to divide; this is also called twinning in that one tooth appears to be two; clinically there will be one root with a single pulp chamber and two crowns

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Fusion

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occurs when two tooth buds grow together forming one

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Enamel hypoplasia-

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also called dysplasia and enamel hypocalcification, and distemper teeth; the lesions appear as areas on one or more teeth where sections of enamel are reduced or not present. Affected teeth are weaker. Brown stained underlying dentin is usually apparent.

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Tight lip syndrome-

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is an oral problem in some shar pei dogs. The lower lip is drawn tightly against mandibular incisor teeth. Inflammatory lesions may develop from maxillary and mandibular incisor trauma

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Periodontitis

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inflammation of the tooth's support. It exists in most pets over five years that have not received home care, but it can appear at 6 months of age. If caught early it can be cured, but later lesions may be controlled not cured. There are four stages

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Stage 1 gum disease-

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(initial stage) there is reddened gingival tissue; age disease can occur will vary; animals diet is a big factor; bad breath (halitosis) and inflammation at the free gingival margin is present

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Stage II gum disease-

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(early stage) - exam will show inflammation and plaque at the free gingival margin, edema (swelling), swollen gums, and additional plaque and bad breath. With scaling, polishing, and home brushing care it is treatable and usually curable; this stage is aka gingivitis

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Stage III gum disease-

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the established stage, edema, inflammation, and the beginning of pocket formation from attachment loss; bone loss is seen with x-rays; patients have bad breath as well

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Stage IV gum disease-

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advanced periodontal disease; severe inflammation, attachement loss and deep pocket formation, gum recession, bone loss, pustular discharge, tooth mobility, bad breath and spontaneous gum bleeding. Severe inflammation and pain causes animals to rub their face, drop food while eating, and drool excessively. Treatment=surgery to decrease pocket depths or extract affected tooth.

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Oronasal fistulas (ONF

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holes fromed between the mouth and nasal cavity. It usually forms secondary to periodontal ligament destruction. Maxillary canines commonly affected Signs are sneezing, and persistent usually single sided nasal discharge with or without bleeding

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Gingival hyperplasia-

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thickening of the gum tissue in an area; it is not a cancerous condition; appears as a single or multiple growths near the gum line; it can be caused by periodontal disease

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Cleft

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forms on the facial surfaces of the gingiva and supporting bone; it extends from the bottom of the gingival sulcus apically; it appears as a tooth root without gingival or bone covering, the root is exposed

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Stomatitis

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inflammation of the mouth's soft tissues; this includes the inside of the cheeks, the tongue, and gingiva; they can occur due to viral, fungal, bacterial infections, kidney disease, immune diseases, chemical irritants, thermal, or mechanical irritants

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Endodontics

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part of dentristy that refers to the diseases of the pulp (root canal) system

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Abrasion

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gradual wearing away of enamel and/ or dentin by outside forces not related to abnormal occlusion

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Attrition

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mechanical wearing of a tooth by an opposing tooth

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Wear facet-

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area of the tooth that is flattened and worn smooth by abnormal contact with an opposing tooth

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