DE History Notes – Flashcards
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600-700 _____ spread across North Africa, then into Spain and SW France.
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Islam
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711: Spain defeated the _____ (Islam) and then French noble/military leader Charles "_______" Martel defeated an Islamic army invasion into SW France at the Battle of _____ (____).
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Moors THE HAMMER Tours (732 AD)
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Afterwards, European Christians wanted to ____ the Holy Land (Jerusalem (Israel)) from Islamic control.
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reclaim
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1095: Pope ________ urged Christian kings/nobles/knights to _______ capture the Holy Land which included the cities of _____,____, and _______ along the eastern Mediterranean coastline.
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Urban II Militarily Jerusalem, Ciden, Tyre
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There were __ crusades over the next 200 years.
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9
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Feudalism was weakened due to crusading nobles and their heris getting ___ in battle. Thus, dominant European kings took over the noble's lands which lead them to control larger land areas.
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killed
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European ___ with Constantiople (ERE/Byzantium) and Muslim traders for __.__.__, etc. increased.
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trade sugar, spice, silk
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The trading lead to a search for a faster trade route to the Near East. Since overland ____ trade routes encountered ____ along the way, European traders wanted an all-____ ____.
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caravan bandits water route
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This lead to new exploration around _____ to _____.
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Africa India
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(____): Europeans lacked technology for long distance ____ travel.
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1300s sea
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(_____-____) Renaissance occurred across Europe (rebirth/discovery of ancient Greek/Roman ____ and ____)
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1350-1600 culture technology
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Mid-____s: Monarchs _____ their power which created the countries of _____, ____, _____, and ______.
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1400s centralized Spain Portugal France UK
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______(from Arabs) use sun's position for direction and latitude
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Astrolabe
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____(Chinese) direction of magnetic North
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Compass
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____ - ships with several masts of ______ (lateen) sails from Arab traders, and ____
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Caravel Triangle Rudder
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(____)Prince Henry "The _____"(Port.) established a mariners ____ for seas captains to learn how to make ___, ____, ship ___, and learn how to plan ___ of exploration.
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school maps astronomy building voyages
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1488: Bartholomeu _____ (Port.) reached the southern tip of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope.
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Dias
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1492: Christopher ____ (SP) sailed west for a faster water route to India.
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Columbus
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1497: Vasco da ______ (Port.) rounded southern tip of Aftrica to India and back to Portugal.
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Gama
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1001: Leif ______ (Viking) explored New Found Land; unsuccessful colonies
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Ericsson
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1485 and 88 Columbus presented his plans to King John II of Portugal for 3 ships and 1 year to search for a western trade route by sailing west to the _____ and then return. He also wanted the title of Great Admiral of the Ocean.... request denied both times, especially since ____ returned from the southern tip of Africa in 1488.
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Orient (Asia) Dias
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___, ___, and ___ also turned his request down.
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Genoa Venice England
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Columbus then went before Spanish leaders ______ of Aragon and ______ of Castile on 1 May 1486. Ferdinand and Isabella ____ Columbus' request as being impractical but gave him free lodging. After lobbying for his request over the next several years Ferdinand and Isabella gave in to Columbus' plan in 1492.
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Ferdinand II Isabella I denied
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Ferdinand/Isabella had just ___ the last Muslim stronghold in Granada, Spain 1492.
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captured
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Ferdinand wanted the ___ for discovering those western islands the Portuguese claimed were out there.
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credit
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Columbus was _____ during his 3rd voyage in 1500 and returned to Spain and lost his entitlements!
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arrested
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3 August 1492 Columbus set sail from Spain with 3 ships (____,___,____-90 men) restocked his provisions in the ____ Islands, made ____, and they sailed west across the Atlantic (6 September).
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Santa Maria Pinta Nina Canary repairs
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12 October 1492 his sailor spotted land and landed on ____ Island (Bahamas) which he called San Salvador. The ____ (Taino) Indians were friendly and who wore gold ornaments but no large amounts of gold.
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Watling Arawak
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He then discovered ___ and ____ but the Santa Maria hit a sandbar. Its crew (39 men) were sent ashore to establish a trade settlement called ______ with orders to search for gold until Columbus returned from Spain on a follow-up voyage.
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Cuba Hispaniola La Navidad
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Columbus made 3 more trips to the New World (1493, 1498, 1502). Due to his __ and ____ leadership decisions against the native peoples the Crown removed him as ___, ___ him, and sent back to Spain in ___.
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harsh abusive governor arrested chains
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After he was freed he was allowed to return on a 4th voyage (11 May 1502) but not as ___. He sailed up through the Lesser Antilles, across to the east coast of Panama, landed and learned about large amounts of __ and a __ __ to another __ from the native peoples, got stranded on Jamaica for one year due to storm damage to his ships, and then returned to Spain 7 November 1504.
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governor gold Southern Strait ocean
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Why did the Pope in Italy step in to avoid war between Portugal and Spain?
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Catholic vs Catholic = bad reputation
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Treaty of _______ (1494): established a line of demarcation in the mid-Atlantic
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Tordesillas
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_____ explore/claim everything west of the line (New World)
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Spain
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_____ explore/claim everything east of the line (East Indies/Asia/Brazil since it fell east of the line)
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Portugal
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1499: Amerigo ______ (Italian) sailed under the Spanish flag to explore the coastline of South America and once again for Portugal in 1501.
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Vespucci
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1507: Martin ______ (German scholar) proposed that the new continent be named _____ to honor "Amerigo the Discoverer."
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Waldceemuler America
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Reasons the explorers from European nations risked their lives to explore the New World: (3 Gs) Looking for an all-water route to the ______ Looking for _____ Establish claims to the new lands (personal_____) Convert the native inhabitants to Christianity (___)
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Far East (Orient, Asia) gold glory god
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1510: Vasco de _____ - 1st European to cross Panama with 190 men and discover the ___ Ocean which he named the ___ ___. He thought he was south of what land area?
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Balboa Pacific South Sea Asia
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1513: Juan _______ (SP governor of Puerto Rico) sailed north to Florida (land of flowers) looked for the "fountain of youth." Did he find it? ____ *there are warm water salt springs in the Bahamas that help relieve joint pain.
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Ponce de Leon No
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1520: Ferdinand ____ (Port.) sailed under the SP flag with 5 ships/ 250 men to a water strait below South America (38 sailing days)... #5 ship/captain returned to Spain due to Magellan's harsh leadership -Due to ice and strong westerly winds #4 ship/captain's mutiny was put down (ship burned and crew marooned) -Magellan and 3 remaining ships entered southern Pacific Ocean (Pacific____). It took 14 weeks to sail to ____.... many sailors died of starvation. -Magellan landed in the ______ Islands but was killed (27 April 1521) by natives in the surf while his men escaped on two remaining ships. -6 Sept. 1522: one ship (Vittoria/18 men) returned to Spain. -Magellan is credited as the 1st person to ______ the globe.
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Magellan Peace Guam Philippine circumnavigate
