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4 Branches of Anthropology

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Physical Anthropology Archaeology Anthropological Linguistics Cultural Anthropology

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5 Sub Branches of Physical Anthroplogy

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Paleoanthropology Primatology Human variation Forensic Anthropology Applied Physical Anthropology

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5 Sub Branches of Archeaology

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Historical archaeology Prehistoric archaeology Contract archaeology Applied archaeology Cultural resource management

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5 Sub Branches of Anthropological Linguistics

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Historical linguistics Descriptive linguistics Ethnolinguistics Sociolinguistics Applied Linguistics

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7 Sub Branches of Cultural Anthropology

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Development anthropology Psychological anthropology Environmental anthropology Medical anthropology Urban anthropology Political anthropology Applied anthropology

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Physical anthropology (biological anthropology)

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The subfield of anthropology that studies both human biological evolution and contemporary physical variations among peoples of the word.

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Paleoanthropology

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The study of human evolution through fossil remains.

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Primatology

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The study of nonhuman primates in their natural environments for the purpose of gaining insights into the human evolutionary process.

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Race

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A subgroup of the human population whose members share a greater number of genes and physical traits with one another than they do with members of other subgroups.

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Genetics

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The study of inherited physical traits.

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Population biology

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The study of the interrelationships between population characteristics and environments.

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Epidemiology

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The study of the occurrence, distribution, and control of disease in populations.

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Archaeology

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The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of prehistoric and historic cultures through the excavation of material remains.

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artifact

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A type of material remain (found by archaeologists) that has been made or modified by humans, such as tools and arrowheads.

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Features

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Archaeological remains that have been made or modified by people and cannot easily be carried away, such as house foundations, fireplaces and postholes.

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Ecofacts

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Physical remains-found by archaeologist-that were used by humans but not made or reworked by them (for example, seeds and bones.)

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Cultural resource management

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A form of applied archaeology that involves identifying, evaluating and sometimes excavating sites before roads, dams and buildings are constructed.

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Anthropological Linguistics

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The scientific study of human communication within its sociocultural context.

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Historical Linguistics

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The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how languages emerge and change over time.

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Glottochronology

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The historical linguistic technique of determining the approximate date that two languages diverged by analyzing similarities and differences in their vocabularies.

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Descriptive linguistics

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The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how languages are structured.

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Ethnolinguistics

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The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies the relationship between language and culture.

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Sociolinguistics

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The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how language is used in different social contexts.

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Ethnography

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The anthropological description of a particular contemporary culture by means of direct fieldwork.

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Ethnology

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The comparative study of cultural differences and similarities.

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Cultural anthropology

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The scientific study of cultural similarities and differences wherever and in whatever form they may be found.

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Paleopathology

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The study of disease in prehistoric populations.

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Holism

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A perspective in anthropology that attempts to study a culture by looking at all parts of the system and how those parts are interrelated.

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Ethnocentrism

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The practice of viewing the cultural features of other societies in terms of one's own.

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Cultural Relativism

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The idea that cultural traits are best understood when viewed within the cultural context of which they are part.

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Emic approach

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A perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories that are relevant and meaningful to the culture under analysis.

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Etic approach

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A perspective in ethnography that uses the concpets and categories of the anthropologist's culture to describe another culture.

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Possible Careers in Physical Anthropology

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Forensic specialist with law enforcement Museum curator Genetic counselor Human rights investigator Zoologist/primatologist Public Health official

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Possible Careers in Archaeology

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Cultural Resource Manager Museum Curator Environmental impact specialist Historical archaeologist Contract (salvage) archaeologist

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Possible Careers in Anthropological Linguists

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ESL Teacher International business trainer Foreign language teacher Cross-cultural advertising/marketing specialist Translator/interpreter

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Possible Careers in Cultural Anthropology

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International business consultant Cross-cultural consultant in hospitals Museum curator International economic development worker Cross-cultural advertising/marketing specialist Translator/interpreter

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Cultural Anthropology

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INternational business consultant Cross-cultural consultant in hospitals Museum curator International economic development worker Cross-cultural trainer International human resources manager School educator Immigration/refugee conselor

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How does anthropology help us develop skills and competencies needed for the 21st century?

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Develop a broad perspective Appreciate other perspectives Balance contradictions Emphasize global teamwork Develop cognitive complexity Develop PErceptual Acuity

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Symbol

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Something, either verbal or nonverbal, that stands for something else.

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Three components of culture

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Material Objects (things) Ideas Values Attitudes (thoughts) Behavior Patterns (actions)

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Civilization

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A term used by anthropologists to describe a society that has cities.

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Culture shock

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A psychological disorientation experienced when attempting to operate in a radically different cultural environment.

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Subculture

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A subdivision of a national culture that shares some features with the larger society and also differs in some important respects.

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Pluralistic societies

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Societies composed of a number of different cultural or subcultural groups.

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Enculturation

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The process by which human infants learn their culture.

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Monochronic culture

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A culture in which people view time in a linear fashion, place great importance on punctuality and keeping on schedule, and prefer to work on one task at a time.

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Polychronic culture

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A culture in which people typically perform a number of tasks at the same time and place a higher volume on nurturing and maintaining social relationships than on punctuality for its own sake.

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Cultural Universals

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Those general cultural traits found in all societies of the world.

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Adaptive nature of culture

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The implication that culture is the major way human populations adapt or relate to their specific habitat in order to survive and reproduce.

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Organic analogy

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The early functionalist idea that cultural systems are integrated into a whole cultural unit in much the same way that the various parts of a biological organism (such as respiratory system or a circulatory system) function to maintain the health of the organism.

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Invention

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A new combination of existing cultural features.

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Innovation

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A change brought about by the recombination of already existing items within a culture.

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Cultural diffusion

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The spreading of a cultural trait that (that is, material object, idea, or behavior pattern) from one society to antoher.

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Acculturation

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A specific form of cultural diffusion in which a subordinate culture adopts many of the cultural traits of a more powerful culture.

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Linked changes

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Changes in one part of a culture brought about by changes in other parts of the culture.

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Small-scale society

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A society that has a small population, has minimal technology, is usually preliterate, has little division of labor, and is not highly stratified.

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Participant-observation

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A fieldwork method in which the cultural anthropologist lives with the people under study and observes their everyday activities.

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Applied anthropology

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The application of anthropological knowledge, theory, and methods to the solution of specific societal problems.

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Problem-oriented research

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A type of anthropological research designed to solve a particular societal problem rather than to test a theoretical position.

Cultural Anthropology An Applied Approach Chapters 1-3 – Flashcards

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