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phoneme

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a single basic sound unit in language

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morpheme

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The smallest semantically meaningful unit of a language that cannot be further divided. It is not a word and cannot stand alone. Every word is made up of one or more morphemes.

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pragmatics

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the way language is used and how the context of words affects meaning

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compound sentence

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a sentence containing two or more independent independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or semicolon

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The Great Vowel Shift

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A phenomenon that occurred mostly in the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in early Modern English time. Exactly when and how it happened depended on the particular sound and the dialect. Unbeknownst to linguists, the GVS involved all the long vowels in English, which changed over a two to three century span, with the lower vowels being pronounced higher and the higher vowels changing into diphthongs. The GVS did not affect all words, but had such a large impact on the English language that it is often blamed for why the spelling of vowels is so irregular in English. Example: In Chaucer's day the word "wife," would have been pronounce "weefe." Over time the "e," sound slowly changed to a diphthong.

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orthography

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the conventional spelling system of a language

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American literary regionalism or local color

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a style or genre of writing in the United States that gained popularity in the mid to late 19th century into the early 20th century. In this style of writing, which includes both poetry and prose, the setting is particularly important and writers often emphasize specific features such as dialect, customs, history, and landscape, of a particular region: "Such a locale is likely to be rural and/or provincial.

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Francis Bret Harte

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(August 25, 1836[1] - May 5, 1902) was an American short story writer and poet, best remembered for his short fiction featuring miners, gamblers, and other romantic figures of the California Gold Rush. In a career spanning more than four decades, he wrote poetry, fiction, plays, lectures, book reviews, editorials, and magazine sketches in addition to fiction. As he moved from California to the eastern U.S. to Europe, he incorporated new subjects and characters into his stories, but his Gold Rush tales have been most often reprinted, adapted, and admired.

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Stephen Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis

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asserts that anxiety, lack of motivation, and low self-esteem interfere with a learners ability to learn a second language.

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semantic feature analysis

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a reading comprehension activity where readers use charts to organize information by categories, analyze ideas, make comparisons and make inferences about what they read

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Venn diagrams

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used to show what is alike about two things, and what is different or unique about two things. a tool used for the prewriting stage of a compare and contrast essay. the Venn diagram is formed by two intersecting circles - the area of intersection is used to show what is alike; the area outside the intersection are used to show the differences

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Noam Chomsky's ideas concerning language acquisition and development

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language ability, known as Universal Grammar, is an innate skill all children possess

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Noam Chomsky's ideas concerning language acquisition and development

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because certain rules of grammar are too complex to learn, yet they managed to use language in a grammatical sense, these skills must be innate

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positive transfer

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A previous learning accelerates and supports the learning of a new task. For example: There is a positive transfer when an individual who has proficiently learned to play the violin, can learn to play the guitar more rapidly and efficiently, then if he had not first learned to play the violin.

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cohesion analysis

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determining how all the parts of a work come together to create a certain effect or communicate a specific message

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semantic mapping

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builds on student's prior knowledge for vocabulary building. The key concept word is displayed and related words are added by students that are eventually organized into categories.

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dialectical knowledge

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the art of examining the truth of opinions. "Knowledge," is referred to as the highest stage of our mind and is referred to as dialectic in the central book of the Republic.

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familiarity with conventions of different genres

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a reader can improve his or her comprehension of a text by making predictions about what will happen. a reader that engages this strategy is actively employing his or her metacognative skills. if the reader is familiar with conventions of different genres, for example a sonnet, the reader will know that the couplet offers an answer to the rest of the sonnet, and thus will be more likely to predict an outcome.

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negative transfer

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using a skill from a previously learned behavior or or subject matter and applies the skills incorrectly to the new behavior or subject matter

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an example of activating prior knowledge

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the first column of a KWL chart asks the student to list everything that he or she knows about the subject being studied (even if the student only knows very little). By activating prior knowledge, the teacher is getting the student involved in the reading and comprehension of something new.

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homonyms

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words that sound the same, have the same sound and spelling but different meanings

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synonyms

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A word or phrase that means the same, or nearly the same, as another word or phrase in the same language.

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model auxiliary

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indicates additional information about the function of the main verb following it. examples include the helping verbs can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would. also known as model auxiliary verbs, or simply models, they are typically used with other verbs to express mood or tense.

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noun phrase

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includes a noun and modifiers which identify it.

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coordinating clause

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is a clause connected to a series of two or more clauses. Example: Spencer likes hamburgers, but Justin prefers hot dogs.

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prepositional phrase

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contain a preposition and its object plus any modifiers

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subordinate clause

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has a subject and verb but cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence

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verbal phrase that acts as a noun

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"Winning the bet was Sean's primary goal." "Winning the bet" is a verbal phrase that functions as the subject of the sentence.

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embedded appositional phrase

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identifies or describes a nearby noun. Ray Lewis, my favorite football player, is a linebacker for the Baltimore Ravens. In this example, "my favorite football player" identifies Ray Lewis. By definition, an embedded appositional phrase is set within the body of a sentence, rather than at the beginning or end.

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noncount noun

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signify a concept or substance (e.g. water) that is indivisible into countable units and preceded by modifiers such as more or some rather than modifiers such as a or one, as in, "I figure I need to drink more water."

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adverb clause

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phrases that begin with subordinating conjunctions and modifying verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. The sentence, "The city workers plowed the streets when the snow stopped," features the word when serving as a subordinating conjunction.

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gerund

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A gerund is a verb ending in -ing and is used as a noun. Example: SUBJECT Running down that hill was fun.

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participle phrase

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A participial phrase has a participle and any modifiers or complements the participle has. The phrase is used as an adjective. Example: Seeing itself in the mirror, the parakeet seemed quite intrigued. (The participial phrase modifies the noun parakeet. The pronoun itself is the direct object of the present participle seeing. The adverb phrase in the mirror modifies the present participle Seeing.)

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independent clause

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a clause that can stand alone in a sentence.

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adjectives

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answers the questions "what kind" and "which one"?

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noun determiner

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words that indicate a noun will follow, such as her, their, a, an, my, his, the

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direct object

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A direct object is a pronoun, noun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of the verb. A direct object answers the question of "what?" or "whom?" after a transitive verb. Example: Ms. Parsons greets whoever comes into the salon.

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decoding

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knowledge of prefixes, suffixes, and root words and considering context clues might help a student decode an unfamiliar word. both context clues and knowledge of word parts are useful in decoding unfamiliar words; is the ability to apply your knowledge of letter-sound relationships, including knowledge of letter patterns, to correctly pronounce written words. Understanding these relationships gives children the ability to recognize familiar words quickly and to figure out words they haven't seen before.

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pragmatic competence

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the ability to adjust one's language to the social situation

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syntactic awareness

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is a metalinguistic skill that is defined as the conscious ability to manipulate or judge word-order within the context of a sentence based on the application of grammatical rules

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coordinating conjunction

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join words or group of words that are used in a similar way. Example: Wirehaired Dachshunds make good pets, but they require a lot of grooming.

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dependent clause

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or subordinate clause does not express a complete thought and cannot by itself be a complete sentence. Words that indicate the beginning of a dependent clause are since, that, or what. Example: what he saw A subordinate clause is only complete when it is connected to an independent clause. Example: The innocent bystander told the sheriff what he saw.

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Latin root

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The English language is made up of words from various languages, including Latin. New words are created when simple elements, such as roots, are combined in different ways. A root word is the core meaning of a word but cannot stand alone. Understanding the meaning of common Latin roots can help us understand the meaning of new words we come across. Root Meaning Example -gress- to walk progress

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Greek root

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The English language is made up of words from various languages, including Greek. New words are created when simple elements, such as roots, are combined in different ways. A root word is the core meaning of a word but cannot stand alone. Understanding the meaning of common Greek roots can help us understand the meaning of new words. Root Meaning Example acu sharp acupuncture

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morphology

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the study of the internal structure and forms of words. it is important to note that changes to individual words that modify the words meaning (such as inflectional endings) and internal changes (such as changing a vowel to change the tense) e.g. changing the vowel in run to ran indicates past tense) are of particular concern to morphologists

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semantics

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The study of the meaning of words by linguists. The meaning or interpretation of a word, sentence, or other language form. Example: When people say "I love," this can have many different meanings.

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syntax

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the arrangement and relationship of words in phrases and sentences

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how children acquire language

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at different rates and slightly different stages

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visual imaging

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current research shows the more visual images are the greater readers are able to comprehend

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the word is already in the reader's oral vocabulary

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a reader may not initially recognize a word in print if the reader has only encountered the word in the context of oral language (i.e., speaking the word and hearing it spoken). The reader is likely to make a connection between the written word and it's spoken equivalent (and recall its meaning) once the reader has sounded out the printed word. (sound out the word by applying phonetics and syllabication skills).

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euphemism

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substitutes a less offensive, less upsetting, or less distasteful word for its more direct synonym. frequently used as references to sex, death, or bathroom matters. Explains in a less harsh manner.

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narrowing

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a type of semanitc change thtat takes place when word meaning diminishes to refer to only part of the original meaning. Example: In Middle English times, "girl," use to mean "child," or "young person," of either sex. Over time the meaning, or what the word symbolizes, has narrowed in Modern English to a female child.

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code-switching

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a speaker alternating between separate language dialects according to the situation, or for effect. Elements of one dialect are not incorporated into the other dialect but remain distinct. code-switching ranges from shifts in the style of one language (from formal to informal speech) to shifts between two mutually unintelligible languages

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compound sentence

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has two independent clauses joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction or by a semi-colon

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complex sentence

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has an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses

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compound-complex sentence

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combination of a compound and complex sentence; has

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simple sentence

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has one independent clause

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best way to research the etymology of a word

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consult the Oxford English Dictionary

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etymology

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the history of words

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Universal Language

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a set of principals that apply to all languages and are unconsciously accessible to every human language learner. all human languages, according to current linguistic theories, share common underlying principals relating to aspects of language such as phrase structure and phonology. according to some theorists, mastery of these common principals is innate. This innate linguistic knowledge is what enables an infant to acquire a specific language so quickly

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Elision

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synonymous with syncope. to "strike or cut off" from the Greek word Koptein. refers to the loss of one or more sounds or letters in the interior of a word.

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syncope

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synonymous with Elision. primarily used in poetry to achieve a uniform or metrical pattern

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dialect

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A form of speech belonging to a particular region. Example: Cockney is a dialect of English.

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creolization

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the development of a language through the merging of two or more different languages. the merging process occurs when language groups are in close contact with each other. the merged language is initially a simplified code that contains features of the parent languages. new vocabulary is added over time and the code is expanded to follow the increasingly complex linguistic principals until it is similar in complexity to other languages.

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deep structure

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Noam Chomsky's, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965) set the precedent for all that has occurred in generative linguistics since. A key point of Aspects reflected the idea of Deep Structure that stated in addition to the surface form of sentences, there is another level of syntactical structure, referred to as Deep Structure which reveals syntactic consistencies of sentences.

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phoneme

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the smallest unit of speech sound that, when combined with other units of speech sound, form words

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the basis for Romance languages

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Latin, the languages spoken by Romans during the Holy Roman Empire. Vulgar Latin (also known as Popular Latin) spoken by soldiers, settlers, and merchants of the conquerors became the dominant language as the Holy Roman Empire expanded throughout Europe. In the fifth century the Empire declined and the languages gradually developed into the Romances languages that exist today (e.g. Spanish, French, and Italian).

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how grammatical change occurs over time in the English language

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Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns (in Old English) were gender-specific and each one's gender was determined by inflection rather than by meaning. Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives (in Middle English) took on the fixed gender-neutral forms this, that, these, and those

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the Great Vowel Shift impacted the English language because

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pronunciation of the long vowels in English gradually changed in the Great Vowel Shift during the fifteenth century. Before the Great Vowel Shift, for example, the e had been pronounced as it is currently pronounced in the word "where" or as the a is currently pronounced in the word "late". By the sixteenth century the long e was pronounced the the ee in the word "keep". English spelling did not change to reflect the Great Vowel Shift. As a result vowel symbols still correspond to their former sounds.

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base word

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is a word to which other word parts may be added to form new words. The terms base and root word are one in the same. Example: Base word-verb that means "ride the surf," + "ing" suffix that indicates ongoing action Surf + -ing = surfing Word describes the action of surfing

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the study of pragmatics

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focuses on languages as communication. it is concerned with the uses of different types of expression in different contexts and for different purposes. An example: different forms of speech are used to make a request, to make an assertion, and to ask a question. The speakers intention is the focus of pragmatic theory, as opposed to the literal meaning of the expression.

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effective method for helping a visual learner in the acquisition of language skills

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watching academic videos

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effective method for helping a kinesthetic learner in the acquisition of language skills

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clapping out syllable patterns

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effective method for helping auditory learners in the acquisition of language skills

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listening to lecture and participating in choral readings

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what activity is most likely to increase a reader's fluency and reading rate?

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repeated oral reading (i.e. a reader repeatedly reads aloud text written at his or her independent reading level). also increases automatic word recognition and enables the reader to read more quickly and in a more natural, fluid manner

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in order to get a general idea of what is written, what type of reading would be most beneficial to a student?

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Skimming. A prereading activity that tells the student what to expect from a closer reading. Means to quickly look through a text to get a general sense of its contents. Scanning is closely related to skimming because it also involves looking closely over a text, but scanning involves looking for specific information (e.g. the definition of a key word or the explanation of a difficult term).

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critical reading

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is reading with the intention of finding deep meaning and understanding of a reading piece regardless if the piece is fiction or non-fiction. A critical reader analyzes, reflects and evaluates what they read as they continue reading. Some techniques critical readers use are becoming part of the writers audience by learning about the author, reading with an open mind, analyzing the title, reading slowly, using a reference for words or terms not understood, making notes as they read and keep a reading journal.

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scanning

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a reading technique often used when looking for specific information in a large volume text such as a thesaurus. Scanning involves rapidly moving your eyes down the page to find what you are searching for.

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skimming

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is a reading technique not to be confused with scanning. Skimming is done three to four times faster than normal reading and allows the reader to quickly identify the main idea of a text. Skimming is used by individuals short on time with a lot of material to read.

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context embedded

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context in language offers help to comprehension such as non-verbal communication (expressions, gestures, certain location, visual clues). With context embedded language meaning becomes obvious due to help from the physical or social nature of the conversation.

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Critical Period Hypothesis

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the time that human brains are most open to acquisition of language - which appears to be up to the age of puberty. a person may learn a new language after this period but he or she would never likely become fluent in the way a native speaker would be. in terms of language, the human brain in malleable for a limited time - typically from birth to puberty.

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an example of affective factors that affect second-language acquisition can best be described by

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using familiar vocabulary to mentally form sentences before speaking them. the affective factors that influence second-language acquisition include a willingness to risk embarrassment when speaking in the second language. a second-language learner who might be embarrassed by producing incorrect expressions would try to avoid making mistakes by using known vocabulary and mentally forming sentences by saying them aloud.

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which aspect of language development are English speaking children from different sociocultural backgrounds most likely to differ?

answer

the style and structure of their oral narratives. some children will create open-ended narratives that develop through association or analogy, while other children will construct narratives focused on a central topic or conclusion. sociocultural factors can explain the differences in how narratives are perceived.

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borrowing

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is a word or phrase from one language that is used in another language. Example: She is creating a list of German borrowings in English.

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slang

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Informal words, phrases and uses that are often restricted to certain contexts, professions or class. Example: Hit the road.

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fable

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a brief story (that usually features animal characters) that teaches a moral or lesson

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object of a preposition

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the verbal phrase "reviewing his goals" in the sentence: Jack maintains his determination by reviewing his goals.

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adverbs

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answer the questions where, how, when, and to what extent.

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noncount nouns

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only have a singular form. examples include homework, advise, patience, enjoyment, tennis, etc.

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clause

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groups of words that contain a subject and a predicate

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appositional phrase

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consists of an appositive and its modifiers

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appositive

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is a noun placed next to another noun to identify it, or give additional information about it. Appositives and appositional phrases identify or rename nouns. Example: a. George Whitney designed the stage at Rockefeller Center. b. He was an engineering student. George Whitney, an engineering student, designed the stage at Rockefeller Center.

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modals

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also known as modal auxiliary verbs, refer to a set of English verbs (including can, would, and must) that are typically used with other verbs to express mood or tense

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prepositional phrase that functions as an adjective

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the prepositional phrase "of the lion" functions as an adjective modifying "heart" in the sentence, "The soldier has the heart of a lion."

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prepositional phrase that functions as an adverb

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the prepositional phrase "with such emotion" functions as an adverb modifying the verb "plays" in the sentence, "He plays the game with such emotion."

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adverbial clauses

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"I'll sing it for you if you'd like" and "Every time I eat the pizza, I get happy."

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indirect object

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places an imaginary "to" or "for" in front of the word which tells "to whom" or "for whom" something was done. In "Lizzie bought Charles a new shirt," the word "for" could be inserted before Charles without changing the meaning.

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homophones

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words that sound the same, but are not spelled the same

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main clause

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has a subject and verb and can stand alone as a sentence

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subordinating conjunction

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a word that introduces a subordinate clause: when, if, because, while, until

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acquisition of language skills

answer

is a series of stages in learning a second or native language. Although how children learn to speak is not completely understood by psycholinguists, developmental psychologists and linguists such as Noam Chomsky and Stephen Krashen have developed theories through observation that children copy what they hear and that humans have a natural ability for understanding grammar.

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activating prior knowledge

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Proficient readers try to make sense out of what they read by finding how it connects with what they already know. When educators help students make connections to their prior knowledge before, during and after they read, they are teaching them a comprehension strategy.

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adjective

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is a word that describes, or modifies, a noun or a pronoun. How Adjectives Modify Nouns What kind? We studied Modern Middle East. How many? I read five practice tests. Which one? That linguist changed history.

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adverb

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is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Where? The bride said the Conga line started here. When? Tom promptly rounded up the skiers. How? The violinist played methodically. To What Extent? Ms. Hawkins was quite proud of her tennis team.

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adverb clauses

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is a subordinate clause that modifies an adjective, an adverb, or a verb. It tells how, where, when, why, to what extent, or under what condition. Example: If it snows tonight, we will go to Snow Summit tomorrow.

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affective factors

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are emotional factors that can have a positive or negative impact on learning. Some theorists believe Affective Factors may be as important for learning as the ability to learn. For example, a student's attitude towards his/her teacher is an Affective Factor and has an impact on how well he/she learns.

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anthropomorphic qualities

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the attribution of human form to a thing or being not human. Example: The Tooth Fairy.

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antonym

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is a word opposite in meaning to another. Wet is an antonym to dry.

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appositional phrases

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is a group of words that includes an appositive and other words that modify the appositive. Example: Washington, our first president, held many other offices.

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British spelling

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British English and American English differ in the way some words are spelled. Example: American Theater color favorite British Theatre colour favourite

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Chomsky, Noam-Universal Grammar

answer

is a professor of linguistics at MIT and is known for his language development theory of "Universal Grammar." The Universal Grammar theory proposes that when humans are born they contain universal grammar and the basic structures to learn any language. The human brain is like a "little black box," ready to be configured and molded by experiences with the outside world through the senses. As a result of the encounters, corresponding language patterns form.

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code-switching

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is a linguistics term referring to switching back and forth between two different languages in a conversation. It also refers to the ability to switch from one dialect or language, from one conversation to the next, depending on the situation or person one is talking with. For example: Dr. Green spent her childhood in Louisiana and earned her doctorate in Education. She teaches theory classes at a university in Utah. While talking to her colleagues, Dr. Green has the ability to code-switch from her Coastal Southern Dialect to a Western Dialect in the course of a conversation. When talking to her friends back home in Louisiana, Dr. Green has the ability to code-switch from a Western dialect to a Coastal Southern Dialect.

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cohesion analysis

answer

Some patterns of words have a characteristic known as cohesion. They form coherent units. Cohesive words act not as individual words, but as a single unit. Coherent groups are all phrases, as are clauses, sentences and discourses.

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compound sentence

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combines two simple sentences that have related ideas. A conjunction joins the two sentences usually by using the words (and, but, or or). Example: The Romans were fine soldiers, and they had the best artillery in the world.

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compound-complex sentence

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contains two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause. Example: When Craig left, he locked the doors, but he forgot to turn off the stove.

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creole

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a language that originated from a simplified language (pidgin) or a combination of other languages.

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creolization

answer

is when two different cultures with different languages spoken join together which result in modifying some aspects of their respective languages and creating new forms. Cultures joined together for various reasons are continually engaged in creolization.

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Critical Period Hypothesis

answer

believes the first few years of life is the crucial time for an individual to learn a first language fluently, if given the proper stimuli and support. If after the first few years the language does not occur, they will never accomplish grammatical systems and ultimately mastery of a language. In the late fifties and sixties, Penfield and Roberts (1959) and Lenneberg (1967) were the first to propose that there was a critical period for language acquisition. Originally the hypothesis only included first language acquisition, but later researchers included second language acquisition. In second language acquisition researchers believe that the window of opportunity is learning a second language before puberty. Both hypotheses are highly debated amongst developmentalists, linguists, and language educators.

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decoding

answer

is the ability for a reader to interpret letter-sound relationships to help them correctly pronounce written words. Understanding these relationships allows early readers to recognize familiar words and to interpret words they have not seen before.

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dependent marker word

answer

are usually the first words in the clause and signal that a given clause is dependent. There are two kinds of Dependent Marker Words: relative pronouns and subordinate conjunctions. Example: After we swam out to the buoy, we jumped on the boat.

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elision

answer

is to leave out a vowel or syllable in pronouncing as in (It's, let's I'm).

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English orthography

answer

Orthography broken down helps one to understand the meaning of English Orthography: ortho- (fr. Gk.) straight, right and graphy (fr. Gk.) writing. The representation of the sounds of English by hand-written or printed symbols. Also: British spelling or orthography: The British spell some words differently from the way people in the United States do. Example: United States Theater color favorite British Theatre colour favourite

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enumeration

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is to count one by one, to specify, or to specifically catalog each item.

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etymology

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is the history of how a word and its meaning were formed.

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euphemism

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a benign expression substituted for a harsher one. Example: "The teacher was laid off from his job." Euphemism: "The teacher is between jobs."

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fluency

answer

is a smooth, easy flow and mastery of a language in reading, writing or speech. Fluent readers recognize words automatically making reading faster, more efficient and ultimately more expressive.

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gender neutral

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is a linguistics term to alleviate references to gender specifics. Example: Stewardess, Mailman and Policeman are gender specific words. Corresponding Gender-neutral words are: Flight Attendant, Mail Carrier and Police Officer.

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genre

answer

A style of literature such as: Autobiography, Poetry, Fantasy, Science Fiction etc...

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grammatical change

answer

Any language can develop a grammatical nuance, not always noticeable to listeners, over time. Lexical (word changes) change more rapidly over time then grammatical changes and as a result, conservative forms of speech may continue without change in regional dialects.

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homonyms

answer

Homonym: A word of the same spelling or sound as another, but has a different meaning. Example: affect to change effect result

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hypercorrection

answer

happens when someone thoughtfully tries to avoid making a mistake in language usage, but overcompensates and in so doing makes another mistake. It has been noted that President Barrack Obama is guilty of hypercorrection when it comes to the usage of: I and me. President Obama said, "President Bush graciously invited Michelle and I to meet with him and first lady Laura Bush." According to the correct language usage President Obama should have said, "Michelle and me."

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indirect object

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is a word or word group that usually comes between a transitive verb and its direct object. It tells to whom, or for whom, or to what the action of the verb is done. Example: Richard told Sarah and Steve a magical tale of Merlin. (The direct object is tale.)

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inflection

answer

The change in the shape of a word, usually by affixation, by means of which a change of meaning or relationship to some other word or group of words is indicated. Variation in word forms by word ending.

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interjection

answer

A word that shows emotion or feeling is an interjection. It had no grammatical relationship to the rest of the sentence. Example: Hooray, I passed the CSET!

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jargon

answer

Words or expressions used specifically by a select group, trade or profession. Jargon can also mean nonsense or gibberish talk. Jargon is like shorthand between members of a select group of people. Medical jargon examples: ACE- angiotension converting enzyme AMA-against medical advise

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Krashen, Stephen

answer

1941-Present - Born in Chicago in 1941. Spent two years in the Peace Corps in Ethiopia where he taught eighth grade English and science. Krashen pursued a Ph.D. in Linguistics at the University of California, Los Angeles, culminating with his 1972 dissertation "Language and the Left Hemisphere." Took up a Ph.D. in Linguistics at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1972. Joined the USC School of Education in 1994. Published over 350 papers and books, and has presented keynote and plenary addresses at the National Association for Bilingual Education, and many other conferences. A professor of Linguistics at the CUNY Graduate Center and the Linguistics Department of the University of Southern California.

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Krashen's, Stephen Affective Filter Hypothesis

answer

Concerned with factors that impact language acquisition. Factors include: self-confidence, nervousness, anxiety and boredom. Students placed in a positive environment for learning are more likely to learn a second language.

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Krashen's, Stephen Comprehensible Input Hypothesis

answer

We acquire language in only one way: When we understand what is said, not how it is said.

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linguistics

answer

The study of language and its structure, including the study of morphology, syntax, phonetics and semantics.

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modals

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(Also known as modal, modal auxiliary verb, model auxiliary.) denotes the mood of the verb. Used to moderate the main verb by either enhancing or restricting the verb to a certain situation. Indicates modality-likelihood, ability, permission and obligation.

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morphology

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The patterns of word formation in a particular language, including inflections, derivation and composition.

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negative transfer

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The interference with new learning due to a previous learned skill, such as a racquetball player attempting to play tennis but uses their wrist too much on their ground strokes.

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noncount noun

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Although many nouns have both singular and plural forms, some nouns have only a singular form. One is unable to add a number to the front or an "s" to the end of noncount nouns. Example: When Mr. Burnett postponed the date of the research paper, smiles lit up the faces of his students, filling the room with happiness. smiles=count noun; happiness=noncount noun

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noun

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A noun is a word or word group used to name a person, place, thing or an idea. Example: Viking leaders have been known for their courage. Nouns-leaders and courage.

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noun determiners

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Are words used with nouns to help clarify the meaning of the noun. There are approximately 50 different determiners in the English language.

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object of a preposition

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The object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun that follows a preposition. Example: The timid squirrel ran from us. (From us is a prepositional phrase.)

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phoneme

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The units of sound and the meaning of a letter in a specified language that distinguishes one word from another. The spelling of a word and its letter sequence is a map of pronunciation for a reader.

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phonics

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A method of teaching beginners to read and pronounce words based on sound.

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pragmatics

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is social language in use. The cotillion branch of linguistics involving three major communication skills: Using language for different purposes, changing language according to the needs of a listener or situation, and following rules in conversation such as taking turns in speaking. Since children have not mastered the pragmatics of how to use language in social situations they can make embarrassing mistakes-For example: a child and his mother are waiting for the light to turn green at a busy street corner so they may cross the street. Nearby in earshot is an obese individual. The child not knowing the rules for pragmatics exclaims, "Why is that man so fat?"

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prepositional phrase

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The preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object situated together are called a prepositional phrase. Example: The tired field hockey players climbed onto the empty bus. (The preposition phrase includes the preposition onto, its object bus, and two adjectives modifying the object-the and empty.)

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reading rate

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calculated by dividing the number of words read correctly by the total amount of reading time.

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Romance languages

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also referred to as Romantic languages, Latin Languages or Neo-Latin Languages were descended from Vulgar Latin (or Romance) language, which was an ancient Italic language of the Indo-European family. The major languages of the family included Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian.

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semantic feature analysis

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A technique to sort and classify similarities and differences among ideas, objects, people, groups and events.

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simple sentence

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contains one independent clause and no subordinate clauses. It may also contain a compound verb, a compound subject and any number of phrases. Examples: The personal shopper gave Sue a new look. Both of the archeologists froze while waiting for the sarcophagus to stop moving.

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Standard English Dialect

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is accepted throughout the English language using countries and is spoken with any accent. There are few variations in grammar, but there are a number of variations in vocabulary.

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syllibication

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is a word analysis skill taught to emergent readers to help them break down unknown words into syllables so they can be blended and pronounced to identify the word.

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syncope

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The shortening of a word by excluding a letter, sound or syllable from the middle or interior of the word. Example: AS'N: ASSOCIATION

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sytax

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Is the order in which you place words, to make a sentence either sound good or convey a certain meaning. Example: "To your farm we are going." is an example of awkward syntax. You understand it, but it sounds odd.- If you change the word order/syntax, you can change the meaning. Example: The young boy carries the dog. The dog carries the young boy.

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synthesize

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involves critical and abstract thinking. Students will often pause and reflect to synthesize new information by combining the ideas they gained by reading with their own knowledge; thus creating new perspectives and a more complete understanding of the text.

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Venn Diagram

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A procedure using two overlapping circles to compare and contrast the similarities and differences of two different things or concepts. (e.g. two books by the same author, two characters in a novel, etc) Students working independently, or collectively with a class, label each side of the diagram with an appropriate heading. In the two non-shaded spaces, students list things about the topics that are unique and in the shared, middle space they write what the two topics have in common.

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visual imaging skills

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A skill and technique used by proficient readers using prior knowledge and background experiences to help form mental pictures as they read. The technique helps the reader connect with the author's writing and makes the text more meaningful.

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