CSET multiple subject subtest 1 ( ancient and medieval history) – Flashcards
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Geography on the development of ANCIENT ROME
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-The people who settled Rome chose a geographic location that was good for defense, travel, and trade. -The peninsula that surrounded it made it easier to conquer new territories
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Ancient Rome's geography
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-Hills and rivers -mild climate -good farmland -strategic location
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The construction of Ancient Rome
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-Built city on several hills that could be defended -Farmed at the base of the hills -Lived up on the hills
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Trade for Ancient Rome
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-Was situated next to the mediterranean sea and its trade routes -Also sat next to Tiber River which aided trade and provided protection -Lighthouses and docks to help sea trade -Main traders were North Africa, Spain, France and the middle East -imported Beef, corn, iron, lead, silk, wine
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Traditions of Ancient Roman Farmers
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• Early farmers lived in mud or timber homes with little furniture • Lived in extended families • Farmed with simple tools, produced enough food to feed family
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Conquering and army of Ancient Rome
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• Landowning farmers served in army • Hard work, discipline, and loyalty became strong Roman qualities - these qualities helped Roman army conquer Italy
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Intellectual contributions of Ancient Rome
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-Aqueducts -Concrete -Newspapers -Welfare -Bound Books -Roads and Highways -Roman Arches -The Julian Calendar -Battlefield surgery
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Artistic Forms from Ancient Rome
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-Roman Arches -Architecture -Historical Reliefs -Sculpture -Painting
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Ancient Roman Architecture
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-Roman Arches -Colosseum -Baths of Trajan
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Religious Beliefs of Ancient Rome
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- Roman religion was centred around gods and explanations for events usually involved the gods -The Romans believed that gods controlled their lives and, as a result, spent a great deal of their time worshiping them. -The most important god was Jupiter. He was the king of gods who ruled with his wife Juno, the goddess of the sky.
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Ancient Roman traditions
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-Festivals and holidays dedicated to the gods -Children learned reading, writing, and math -all family lived in one home (grandparents, kids, cousins, etc.) -Believed the dead's spirit was rowed across the river, Styx, to the underworld where they were judged if they would go to heaven or hell. Funerals were treated as so in that a coin was placed under the tongue to give to the ferry person to cross the river.
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impact of geography on development of Ancient EGYPT
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-set on the banks of the nile river. -The Nile river was perfect for farming and fishing. Its cycle of flood and drought left plants and fish available at different times. -Very isolated. The mediterranian sea, the red sea, the Nile river and desert surrounding it.
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traditions of Ancient Egypt
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-Believed in life after death -pyramids -Pharohs (considered to be a god) -mummies
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intellectual contributions of Ancient Egypt
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-Developed the plow -First to build in stone -accomplished ship builders -healing and surgical operations -glass -linen -paper and ink -calendars and clocks -geometry and the alphabet -furniture
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artistic forms of Ancient Egypt
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-They sculpted in stone and decorated the walls of their tombs with naturalistic murals in vibrant colors -Pyramids -sculptures of pharaohs -symbolism in sculptures like animals. -Papyri -pottery -textile and dye making -Hieroglyphs
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Ancient Egyptian trading
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The Nile river was Egypts lifeline. -Gold -Papyrus -Linen -Grain -Artifacts -Traded with Africa, Afghanistan, and Nubia
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Religious Beliefs of Ancient Egypt
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-In the beginning Pharaoh's were considered gods, priests then later claimed they were only son's of gods. Created a power struggle. -Life after death -Embalming (priests recited prayers and made one last attempt at awakening the dead, then cleansed, organs removed and replaced with salt for 40 days. Then salt was replaced with sawdust, wrapped, put jewelery on and a portrait mask was put over the face, then put in a coffin). -70 days later it was burried with items it would need for the next world (games, food, etc.)
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impact of geography on development of Ancient GREECE
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-Greece is a peninsula and thousands of islands -Naturally divided regions divided by mountains -The climate encouraged outdoor activities like athletic competitions (mild, 50 degree winter and 80 degree summer) -Had stone for building -plenty of good harbor sites.
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Trade in Ancient Greece
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-Seas linked most parts of Greece and became transportation routes. -they built sailing trade ships -They traded dried and fresh fish -olive oil -wine -wool -pottery -traded for grain, hides, and slaves
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traditions of Ancient Greece
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-Each city was ruled by a king -At birth the eldest child is named after the grandparent -Instead of birthdays they have name days -Schools were all private but affordable -Olympics
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intellectual contributions of Ancient Greece
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-adapted the Phonecian alphabet and adapted it to the one we use today -trial by jury -Fables and Legends -The Olypmics -Greek Columns -Greek Architecture
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artistic forms of Ancient greece
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-Architecture (the parthenon) proportion and perspective -sculpture -pottery
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religious beliefs in Ancient greece
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-animal sacrifices -myths to explain the origin of mankind -Temples (believed God's lived in them) -Gods to give a human face to (Zeus, Athena, Apollo, Poseidon, Artemis, Aphrodite)
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Impact of geography of Ancient Israel (Hebrew)
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-Desert landscapes, Mediterranean sea, and lush fertile regions surrounded it. -People who settled near the fertile regions settled and grew food or herded animals. -People who settled near the Mediterranean Sea were fishers.
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Trade in Ancient Israel (Hebrew)
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-Thriving trade with Egypt, Cyprus, and Greece. -Through ports on the Mediterranean sea. -They traded fish, olives, pottery, metal and minerals from the mountains.
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Art of Ancient Hebrew
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-Pottery -Metal Casting -Sculpture -Painting
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contributions of the Ancient Hewbrew
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-Religion (worshiped only one God instead of many like the Romans and Greeks) -Their religion is the basis for Christianity
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religious beliefs of the Ancient Hebrew
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-written record for over 3000 years -One God -God created the world by speaking it into existence -all the dead were believed to go to a shadowy place called Sheol
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traditions of the ancient Hebrew
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-Each clan or tribe was bound by a contractual agreement [known as a covenant] to the personal god of its chief or founding father -an Israeli woman's life was centered in the home - musical instruments played meaningful roles in the festivals and in the worship at the temple
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impact of geography on the development of Ancient CHINA
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-Independent development from the rest of the world by dry deserts, the Pacific Ocean, and impassible mountains. -The Himilayan mountains are some of the largest mountains and almost impassible. -The Gobi desert made a border except for the Mongol's that lived there and raided, leading the creation of the great wall of China.
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artistic forms from Ancient China
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-Calligraphy (an art of writing) -Poetry -Painting -Porcelain -Lacquer -Chinese embroidery -Chinese kites -Chinese lanterns -Silk
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Trading in Ancient China
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The Silk Road -A trade route that went from China to ancient Europe -Important because it generated trade and commerce with a lot of different kingdoms and Empires. -Ideas, products, traditions, cultures, and inventions were some of the things that were unintentionally traded. -Chinese traded silk, tea, salt, sugar, porcelain, and cotton.
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traditions of ancient China
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-foot binding -chopsticks -Name was a sign of status and bloodline in a chinese class. -zodiak signs
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religious beliefs of ancient China
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-Buddhism -Confucianism (ethical and philosophical) -Taoism (influenced medicine)
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intellectual contributions from Ancient China
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-paper -compass -silk -metal casting -gunpowder -deep drilling and the use of natural gas
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influence of geography on Medieval Japan
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-surrounded by water with little farmland lead them to rely on seafood. Not enough food lead to starvation and small wars. -Isolated from the rest of the world, they did not benefit from technological advances.
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Japanese Feudalism
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-The Shogun (King) ruled through the daimyo (nobles who hold large amounts of land and paid no taxes), which were the heads of the samurai (knights). -Peasants farmed the land to gain the protection of the samurai.
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What caused Japan's feudalism
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-When the government became weak, large landowners became powerful. Fighting over land and power between large landowners caused Japan's feudalism. They would use their samurai's to fight other landowners samurai's.
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Feudalism
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When the government does not have enough power but large landowners (or nobles) do and they offer protection to the people who pledge to them.
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European feudalism
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-Large Landowner's gave land to people and in turn the people provided warriors and knights to the large landowner (lord) in times of trouble.
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What caused European feudalism
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-Vikings raided and wanted to settle in France and Britain. The Government could not protect the people, so the lords (large landowners) did. -European lords built their own castles and ruled the surrounding lands -The people could come to the castle for protection.
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influence of geography on Medieval Europe
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-Alps created natural barriers -Europe borders several seas and waterways which made travel and trade easier. -Central Europe is forest which gave plenty of supplies for building.
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Republica Christiana
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-After the fall of the Roman Empire -The two parts of the new empire (religious and political) -Two interdependent parts of an enterprise. -Political power was taken to be an appropriate means for spreading, regulating, and protecting Christian belief and practice. -11th-13th century the pope became the one to make the ultimate decisions of use of force which led to the christian crusades -christian crusades took land from non-christians and conversion of non-christians to chrisianity
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Reasons for the fall of the western roman empire
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-invasion of barbarian tribes -Economic troubles (taxes and job deficit) -Rise of the eastern empire Byzantine -Christianity eroded the traditional roman value system
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early modern Europe's Christianity
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- the undoing of the idea of papal authority marked the end of the medieval period and the beginning of the early modern period (1400's-1700's) -radical seperation of church and state -religious freedom "liberty of conscience is everyone's natural right." (freedom of relgion)
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Christianity expansion beyond Europe
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-Religious freedom during the early modern era spread through northern Europe, Great Britain, and colonial New England. -In New England it became deemed newly emerging nation-states, having each adopted an official faith—Catholic, Lutheran, or later Calvinist—would be under great pressure to tolerate the others both internationally and domestically.
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influence of geography on medieval Africa
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-savannah's (grasslands perfect for raising herds of animals) created hunters -Deserts blocked travel -mediterranean sea coasts were good for growing crops, traveling, and had a mild climate. -The Niger river that runs through africa were perfect for growing crops and gave rise to several civilizations. - Merchants and travelers spread goods and ideas up and down the Niger river
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art of the pre-columbian America
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-ceremonial architecture (pyramids similar to egypt's) -sculptures (their gods, which were monsters) (Serpents, skulls, snarling jaguars and the grim-looking rain-god Tlaloc) *crystal *stone -ceramics -murals -featherwork -goldsmithing -jewelry art
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precolumbian
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The era before Columbus arrived in the americas -Before European influence -Aztec, Maya, and Andes
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precolumbian architecture
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-ceremonial pyramids -mayan stone buildings palaces ball-courts -corbelled arch
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influence of geography on medieval mesoamerica
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-includes Mexico and central America -The topography was high flat lands in the middle and lower sea level lands around it where it met the ocean. -The flat lands (highlands) produced obsidian which was great for trade. -The lowlands produced sea shells and feathers from tropical birds which were valuable for rituals. -No navigatable waters to use for trade and no large domesticated animals to haul.
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science from pre-columbian america
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-The Long Count Calendar -Mayans were known for their highly skilled astronomy (Machu Pichu; used for astronomical observation) and mathematics -Andean civilizations used a "quipo"; a knot system used to record information -used a sun dagger to mark the changing seasons
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influence of geography on medieval Andean highlands
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-Elevation of 10,000-14,000 feet -pasturage was limited -Pacific coastline is desert volcanic ash but have rivers that provide enough water and good for fishing.
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influence of geography on medieval Islam
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-Deserts dotted with oases (traveled by camel) and merchants traveled by caravan across the deserts. -The oases were spots for settling since there weren't many places in the desert with water. They provided water and plant life and were great for crops -Mountains- Many people living on the mountain farmed, they cut out terraces on the slopes of the mountains for flat land. -coastal plains (red sea, persian gulf, and arabian sea) the air is damp and it rains regularly; perfect for farming. They grew grains, fruits and vegetables. -coastal plain's and mountain's farmers built irrigation systems.
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effects of Islam spread in Arabia
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-Before Islam, nomadic people believed in many Gods and it caused turmoil between the people. Islam brought the belief in one God and was unifying; leading to the rise of large empires. -Sharia (Islamic law derived from the Koran) protected merchants and had stiff punishments for thieves and liars.
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effect of Islam spread in Asia (India)
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Hinduism was the general religion before Islam spread in Asia. Hinduism gave the people castes. The lower castes had nothing to gain from Hinduism and easily switched to Islam. The Islam learned new mathematics from the Hindu's (negative integers and a symbol for zero).
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effect of Islam spread in Europe
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-Did not last long but it did have several effects on Europe. -In science and medicine, none were as advanced as the Islamic and the European learned from them. -The crusades failed but they did bring new things to Europe that quickly came into demand and lead to much trade; silks, porcelain, and spices.
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effect of Islam spread in Africa
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-Because Islam does not separate religious authority from political authority, it was most appealing to tribal leaders because it strengthened the African concept of kingship. Kings who converted had more power and authority at their disposal. Several Muslim empires would emerge as a result. -Islam believed in the enslavement of non-believers and boosted slave trade in Africa.
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characteristics of the Renaissance
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-Emphasis on man rather than God -Reawakening, or rebirth, of classical models -"Universal man" was widely accepted.
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Renaissance Rebirth of classical greek and roman culture
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-Works of greeks and romans reconnected europeans with their ancient heritage. -Emphasis on "humanism" (man not god) -writings from greek and roman philosophers free the people from church control -art that showed people in their everyday life -new architecture based on ancient greek and roman forms
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The reformation
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-people were not happy with church rituals -Humanism was a big thing -the printing press allowed mass communication
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Martin Luther's part in the reformation
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-questioned the popes authority -"ninety five thesis" written by Martin Luther started the reformation -
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Calvin's part in the reformation
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-made protetestantism an international movement -calvinism became an anti-catholic movement
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The act of supremacy in the reformation
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-The king of England became the head of the church -The refusal of the pope to annul king Henry the 8th to Catherine caused the break with the pope. -Elizabeth I established protestantism in England
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The Counter Reformation
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-The Church tries to get rid of protestanism
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The effects of the reformation
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-medieval political unity replaced by modern nationalism -authority of the state was strengthened -the middle class was strenthened
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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-Renaissance -contribution-astrology -put the sun at the center of the universe, not earth -said the seven planets circulated the sun - Earth's motions include rotation, revolution, and annual tilting of the axis
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Galileo Galilei
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-Renaissance -Contribution - astrology -Galileo was placed under house arrest for much of his life for his beliefs after standing trial in Rome. He was called a heretic for believing that the Sun, not the Earth, was the motionless center of the universe. - discoveries of four of Jupiter's moons, the roughness of the Moon's surface, stars invisible to the naked eye, and differences between the appearances of planets and fixed stars. He also published observations on the full set of phases of Venus,
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Johannes Kepler
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-Renaissance -Contribution - astrology -creating Kepler's laws of planetary motion - Kepler was one of the first to incorporate the field of physics and the field of astronomy
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scientific revolution
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-17th century burst of knowledge growth in science -Advances in -measurement -astrology -microscopes/telescopes -thermometer -improved knowledge of mathematics -study of botany -circulating blood
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capitolism
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an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
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development of early modern capitalism and its global consequences
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-the growth of trade furthered the division of labor -exploitation of other regions -global division of labor (one market but huge differences in the labor) -unequal trade made Europe have all the good stuff from trading and everyone else working harder to get the things to trade, only to get not great things in return for these trades.
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representative democracy evolution
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-The American colonies believed their experience was great enough to refuse to recognize the British king. -formed the constitution after the american revolution. -The constitution drafted in the early days of the independent American republic has endured longer than any in human history.
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magna carta (representative democracy)
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-(1215) established the kernel of limited government -forced KING JOHN to consult nobles before he made arbitrary decisions like passing taxes
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the petition of right (representative democracy)
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(1628) extended the rights of "commoners" to have a voice in the government
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English bill of rights (representative democracy)
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(1688) guaranteed free elections and rights for citizens accused of crime.
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the enlightenment (representative democracy)
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-encouraged people to use observation to question traditional authority. -caused American's to challenge the authority of Britain. - The Declaration of Independence states that all men have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. -Many ideas in the Constitution are based on the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers.
