Critical Thinking – Flashcards
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Highest Order Thinking (Level 3)
(pg. 17)
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⚬explicitly reflective
⚬ consistently fair
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Higher Order Thinking (Level 2)
(pg. 17)
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⚬ selectively reflective
⚬ inconsistently fair, may be skilled in sophistry
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Lower Order Thinking (Level 1)
(pg. 17)
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⚬ unreflective
⚬ frequently relies on gut intuition
⚬ largely self serving / self deceiving
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Weak-sense critical thinker
(pg. 22)
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aka. sophistry
⚬ uses skills / ablities / traits of critical thinking for selfish interests
⚬ unfair or unethical thinker
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Strong-sense critical thinker
(pg. 23)
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⚬ fair minded critical thinker
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fairmindedness
(pg. 26)
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⚬ consciously treats all viewpoints alike
⚬ thinks without relying on feelings or selfish intererests of oneself, our one's group
⚬ adheres to intellectual standards
⚬ uninfluenced by by one's own advantages
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intellectual self centerdness
(pg. 27, 35)
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⚬ fails to consider opposing points of view equally to one's own
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Intellectual Humility
(pg. 27)
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opposite of Intellectual Arrogance
⚬ having knowledge of ignorance
⚬ being aware of the limits of one's knowledge
⚬ being sensitive to circumstances where we are likely self-deceived
⚬ sensitivity to bias, prejudice, and limitations of one's view point
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Intellectual Courage
(pg. 31)
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opposite of Intellectual Cowardice
⚬ being willing to challenge beliefs
⚬ willingness to face and fairly asses ideas, beliefs, or viewpoints which one negatively reacts to
⚬ willingness to critically analyze one's own beliefs
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Intellectual Empathy
(pg. 34)
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opposite of Intellectual Self-centerdness
⚬ entertaining opposing views
⚬ the desire to put oneself in the place of others
⚬ the desire to genuinely understand others
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Intellectual Intergrity
(pg. 37)
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opposite of Intellectual Hypocrisy
⚬ holding oneself to the same standards as others
⚬ to hold oneself to the same standards as others
⚬ to practice what one advocates
⚬ to admit one's own discrepancies / inconsistencies
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Intellectual Perserverence
(pg. 39)
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opposite of Intellectual Laziness
⚬ working through complexity and frustration
⚬ conscious willingness to pursue intellectual insights and truths despite obstacles
⚬ adherence to rational principles, despite the irrational actions of others
⚬ the need to ponder questions
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Confidence in Reason
(pg. 41)
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opposite of Distrust in Reason
⚬ recognizing that good reasoning has proven it's worth
⚬ the confidence that coming to one's own conclusions through rational reasoning is best for humanity / society
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Intellectual Autonomy
(pg. 44)
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opposite of Intellectual Conformity
⚬ being an independent thinker
⚬ having rational control of one's beliefs, values, assumptions, and inferences
⚬ willingness to go against the majority when supported by evidence and sound reasoning
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The Three Functions of the Mind
(pg. 56)
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⚬ thinking, to create meaning (judging, perceiving, analyzing, determining)
⚬ feeling, to monitor / evaluate the meanings created through thinking (emotions, state of mind)
⚬ wanting, allocation of energy (goals, desires, purpose, motives, values)
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The Unreflective Thinker, Stage 1
(pg. 65)
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⚬ being unaware of problems within one's thinking
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The Challenged Thinker, Stage 2
(pg. 67)
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⚬ becoming aware of problems in one's thinking
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The Beginning Thinker, Stage 3
(pg. 69)
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⚬ trying to improve one's thinking, but without regular practice
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The Practicing Thinker, Stage 4
(pg. 74)
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⚬ recognizing the necessity of regular practice
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The Advanced Thinker, Stage 5
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⚬ committing to lifelong practiced thinking
⚬ beginning to internalize intellectual virtues
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The Accomplished Thinker, Stage 6
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⚬ skilled and insightful thinking becomes second nature
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The Eight Parts of Thinking
(pg. 90, 143...)
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⚬ purpose (pg. 98)
⚬ point of view (pg. 119)
⚬ assumptions (pg. 110)
⚬ implications (pg. 117)
⚬ information (pg. 103), inert information, activated ignorance, activated knowledge
⚬ inferences (pg. 110)
⚬ concepts (pg. 100)
⚬ question (pg. 108)
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The Standards for Thinking
(pg. 127, 141)
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⚬ clarity
⚬ relevance
⚬ logical ness
⚬ accuracy
⚬ depth
⚬ significance
⚬ precision
⚬ breadth
⚬ fairness
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Clarity
(pg. 129)
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⚬ whether a statement is clear and understandable
⚬ is specific
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Accuracy
(pg. 130)
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⚬ whether a statement is represented correctly and truly
⚬ requires "healthy scepticism"
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Precision
(pg. 132)
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⚬ whether a statement has sufficient detail, but not more than needed
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Relevance
(pg. 133)
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⚬ whether the statement is directly related / applicable to the issue
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Depth
(pg. 134)
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⚬ to identify / recognize the complexities of an issue
⚬ addressing the different layers
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Breadth
(pg. 135)
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⚬ argument acknowledges/considers all applicable viewpoints
⚬ opposite of narrowmindedness
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Logicalness
(pg. 137)
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⚬ thoughts are mutually supporting and make sense together
⚬ does not contradict
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Significance
(pg. 138)
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⚬ concentrating on the most important / relevant information
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Fairness
(pg. 139)
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⚬ whether thinking is justified (think fairly in context)
⚬ to think in accord with reason
⚬ to not make unfair generalizations
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Egocentricity
(pg. 199)
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⚬ the tendency to view everything in relation to oneself
⚬ to confuse one's perception with reality
⚬ to be self-centered, to only consider oneself and one's own interests
⚬ to distort reality in order to maintain a certain perspective
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Innate egocentrism
(pg. 200)
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⚬ "It's true because I believe it."
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Innate sociocentrism
(pg. 200)
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⚬ "It's true because we believe it."
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Innate wish fulfillment
(pg. 200)
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⚬ "It's true because I want to believe it."
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Innate self-validation
(pg. 200)
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⚬ "It's true because I have always believed it."
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Innate selfishness
(pg. 200)
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⚬ "It's true because it is in my selfish interest to believe it."
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Successful Egocentrism
(pg. 205)
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⚬ enables one to selfishly gain without worrying about the rights of others
⚬ self-gratifying
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Unsuccessful Egocentrism
(pg. 207)
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⚬ negative impacts resulting from self-absorbed thinking
⚬ may lead to depression or self pity
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Rational Thinking
(pg. 211)
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⚬ to practice critical thinking
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Dominating Egocentrism
(pg. 217)
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⚬ to seek what one wants through unreasonable use of power /intimidation over others
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Submissive Egocentrism
(pg. 220)
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⚬ to psychologically join / serve powerful people for one's own means
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Egocentric memory
(pg. 226)
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⚬ to forget evidence / information that contradicts or doesn't support one's thinking
⚬ and to remember evidence that does benefit oneself
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Egocentric myopia
(pg. 226)
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⚬ to think in absolutely or narrowly
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Egocentric righteousness
(pg. 226)
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⚬ to feel superior in believing one knows truths, despite not
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Egocentric hypocrisy
(pg. 226)
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⚬ to ignore flagrant inconsistencies
⚬ to hold oneself to different standards than others
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Egocentric oversimplification
(pg. 227)
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⚬ to ignore real complexities which require one to modify current beliefs
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Egocentric blindness
(pg, 227)
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⚬ the tendency to not notice facts which contradict with one's beliefs
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Egocentric immediacy
(pg. 227)
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⚬ the tendency to over generalize immediate feelings / experiences in a manner that is favourable or unfavourable
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Egocentric absurdity
(pg. 227)
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⚬ the tendency to not notice when thinking has absurd consequences
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Sociocentricity
(pg. 231)
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⚬ the belief that one's group / culture is superior
⚬ to judge others from the perspective of one's group
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Social Stratification
(pg. 237)
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⚬ systems used to justify differential treatment or injustices
ex. hierarchies, ideology, status
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Ethical reasoning
(pg. 253)
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⚬ thinking through problems / issues that may help or harm sentient creatures