Critical Thinking – Flashcards

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Highest Order Thinking (Level 3) (pg. 17)
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⚬explicitly reflective ⚬ consistently fair
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Higher Order Thinking (Level 2) (pg. 17)
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⚬ selectively reflective ⚬ inconsistently fair, may be skilled in sophistry
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Lower Order Thinking (Level 1) (pg. 17)
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⚬ unreflective ⚬ frequently relies on gut intuition ⚬ largely self serving / self deceiving
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Weak-sense critical thinker (pg. 22)
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aka. sophistry ⚬ uses skills / ablities / traits of critical thinking for selfish interests ⚬ unfair or unethical thinker
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Strong-sense critical thinker (pg. 23)
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⚬ fair minded critical thinker
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fairmindedness (pg. 26)
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⚬ consciously treats all viewpoints alike ⚬ thinks without relying on feelings or selfish intererests of oneself, our one's group ⚬ adheres to intellectual standards ⚬ uninfluenced by by one's own advantages
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intellectual self centerdness (pg. 27, 35)
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⚬ fails to consider opposing points of view equally to one's own
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Intellectual Humility (pg. 27)
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opposite of Intellectual Arrogance ⚬ having knowledge of ignorance ⚬ being aware of the limits of one's knowledge ⚬ being sensitive to circumstances where we are likely self-deceived ⚬ sensitivity to bias, prejudice, and limitations of one's view point
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Intellectual Courage (pg. 31)
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opposite of Intellectual Cowardice ⚬ being willing to challenge beliefs ⚬ willingness to face and fairly asses ideas, beliefs, or viewpoints which one negatively reacts to ⚬ willingness to critically analyze one's own beliefs
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Intellectual Empathy (pg. 34)
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opposite of Intellectual Self-centerdness ⚬ entertaining opposing views ⚬ the desire to put oneself in the place of others ⚬ the desire to genuinely understand others
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Intellectual Intergrity (pg. 37)
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opposite of Intellectual Hypocrisy ⚬ holding oneself to the same standards as others ⚬ to hold oneself to the same standards as others ⚬ to practice what one advocates ⚬ to admit one's own discrepancies / inconsistencies
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Intellectual Perserverence (pg. 39)
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opposite of Intellectual Laziness ⚬ working through complexity and frustration ⚬ conscious willingness to pursue intellectual insights and truths despite obstacles ⚬ adherence to rational principles, despite the irrational actions of others ⚬ the need to ponder questions
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Confidence in Reason (pg. 41)
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opposite of Distrust in Reason ⚬ recognizing that good reasoning has proven it's worth ⚬ the confidence that coming to one's own conclusions through rational reasoning is best for humanity / society
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Intellectual Autonomy (pg. 44)
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opposite of Intellectual Conformity ⚬ being an independent thinker ⚬ having rational control of one's beliefs, values, assumptions, and inferences ⚬ willingness to go against the majority when supported by evidence and sound reasoning
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The Three Functions of the Mind (pg. 56)
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⚬ thinking, to create meaning (judging, perceiving, analyzing, determining) ⚬ feeling, to monitor / evaluate the meanings created through thinking (emotions, state of mind) ⚬ wanting, allocation of energy (goals, desires, purpose, motives, values)
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The Unreflective Thinker, Stage 1 (pg. 65)
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⚬ being unaware of problems within one's thinking
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The Challenged Thinker, Stage 2 (pg. 67)
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⚬ becoming aware of problems in one's thinking
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The Beginning Thinker, Stage 3 (pg. 69)
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⚬ trying to improve one's thinking, but without regular practice
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The Practicing Thinker, Stage 4 (pg. 74)
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⚬ recognizing the necessity of regular practice
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The Advanced Thinker, Stage 5
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⚬ committing to lifelong practiced thinking ⚬ beginning to internalize intellectual virtues
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The Accomplished Thinker, Stage 6
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⚬ skilled and insightful thinking becomes second nature
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The Eight Parts of Thinking (pg. 90, 143...)
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⚬ purpose (pg. 98) ⚬ point of view (pg. 119) ⚬ assumptions (pg. 110) ⚬ implications (pg. 117) ⚬ information (pg. 103), inert information, activated ignorance, activated knowledge ⚬ inferences (pg. 110) ⚬ concepts (pg. 100) ⚬ question (pg. 108)
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The Standards for Thinking (pg. 127, 141)
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⚬ clarity ⚬ relevance ⚬ logical ness ⚬ accuracy ⚬ depth ⚬ significance ⚬ precision ⚬ breadth ⚬ fairness
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Clarity (pg. 129)
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⚬ whether a statement is clear and understandable ⚬ is specific
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Accuracy (pg. 130)
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⚬ whether a statement is represented correctly and truly ⚬ requires "healthy scepticism"
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Precision (pg. 132)
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⚬ whether a statement has sufficient detail, but not more than needed
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Relevance (pg. 133)
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⚬ whether the statement is directly related / applicable to the issue
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Depth (pg. 134)
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⚬ to identify / recognize the complexities of an issue ⚬ addressing the different layers
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Breadth (pg. 135)
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⚬ argument acknowledges/considers all applicable viewpoints ⚬ opposite of narrowmindedness
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Logicalness (pg. 137)
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⚬ thoughts are mutually supporting and make sense together ⚬ does not contradict
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Significance (pg. 138)
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⚬ concentrating on the most important / relevant information
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Fairness (pg. 139)
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⚬ whether thinking is justified (think fairly in context) ⚬ to think in accord with reason ⚬ to not make unfair generalizations
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Egocentricity (pg. 199)
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⚬ the tendency to view everything in relation to oneself ⚬ to confuse one's perception with reality ⚬ to be self-centered, to only consider oneself and one's own interests ⚬ to distort reality in order to maintain a certain perspective
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Innate egocentrism (pg. 200)
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⚬ "It's true because I believe it."
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Innate sociocentrism (pg. 200)
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⚬ "It's true because we believe it."
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Innate wish fulfillment (pg. 200)
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⚬ "It's true because I want to believe it."
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Innate self-validation (pg. 200)
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⚬ "It's true because I have always believed it."
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Innate selfishness (pg. 200)
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⚬ "It's true because it is in my selfish interest to believe it."
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Successful Egocentrism (pg. 205)
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⚬ enables one to selfishly gain without worrying about the rights of others ⚬ self-gratifying
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Unsuccessful Egocentrism (pg. 207)
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⚬ negative impacts resulting from self-absorbed thinking ⚬ may lead to depression or self pity
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Rational Thinking (pg. 211)
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⚬ to practice critical thinking
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Dominating Egocentrism (pg. 217)
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⚬ to seek what one wants through unreasonable use of power /intimidation over others
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Submissive Egocentrism (pg. 220)
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⚬ to psychologically join / serve powerful people for one's own means
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Egocentric memory (pg. 226)
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⚬ to forget evidence / information that contradicts or doesn't support one's thinking ⚬ and to remember evidence that does benefit oneself
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Egocentric myopia (pg. 226)
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⚬ to think in absolutely or narrowly
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Egocentric righteousness (pg. 226)
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⚬ to feel superior in believing one knows truths, despite not
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Egocentric hypocrisy (pg. 226)
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⚬ to ignore flagrant inconsistencies ⚬ to hold oneself to different standards than others
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Egocentric oversimplification (pg. 227)
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⚬ to ignore real complexities which require one to modify current beliefs
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Egocentric blindness (pg, 227)
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⚬ the tendency to not notice facts which contradict with one's beliefs
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Egocentric immediacy (pg. 227)
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⚬ the tendency to over generalize immediate feelings / experiences in a manner that is favourable or unfavourable
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Egocentric absurdity (pg. 227)
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⚬ the tendency to not notice when thinking has absurd consequences
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Sociocentricity (pg. 231)
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⚬ the belief that one's group / culture is superior ⚬ to judge others from the perspective of one's group
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Social Stratification (pg. 237)
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⚬ systems used to justify differential treatment or injustices ex. hierarchies, ideology, status
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Ethical reasoning (pg. 253)
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⚬ thinking through problems / issues that may help or harm sentient creatures
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