question

The writings of Karl Marx have had a great impact on ____, which indicts the economic system for producing the conditions that lead to high crime rates. A.Victimology B.Critical Criminology C. Criminologists D.Theorists

answer

critical criminology

question

An appellate court reviews trial court procedures to determine whether they have complied with accepted rules and constitutional doctrines. T/F

answer

True

question

A precedent is a criminal case based solely on contemporary social norms. T/F

answer

False

question

Criminologists try to create ____ and ____ measurements of criminal behavior. A.Valid, reliable B.reliable,real C.true, long D.serious, valid

answer

valid, reliable

question

Courts that review trial court procedures are known as A.appellate courts B.Supreme courts C.district courts D. county courts

answer

appellate courts.

question

Biosocial theory reflects an assumed link between A. psychological and biological factors B.Biological and social factors C. social and psychological factors

answer

biological and social factors.

question

The academic discipline of criminology uses scientific methods to study the ____ of criminal behavior. A.Nature Extent and Causes B.biological,social, psychological causes C.Extent and cause

answer

nature, extent and causes

question

The structural perspective focuses on ____ forces that can lead to crime. A.physical B.Social C.Ecological

answer

ecological

question

Ex post facto laws are a violation of the Constitution. T/F

answer

True

question

Criminology is an interdisciplinary science. T/F

answer

True

question

The written code that defines crimes and their punishment is called A.Criminal Law B.Victimology C.Declaration of Independence

answer

Criminal Law

question

A law applied retroactively to punish behavior that was not a crime prior to passage of the law is called A.Criminal Law B.Ex Post Facto law

answer

Ex post facto law

question

A serious crime, such as murder, would be classified as a A.misdemeanor B.state jail C.Felony

answer

Felony

question

If a new law is successfully applied in a number of different cases and is referenced by judges in their subsequent decisions, it is known as A.Law B.Precedent

answer

Precedent

question

The consensus view of crime suggests that moral entrepreneurs write laws to benefit the few. T/F

answer

False

question

Chicago School sociologists argued that crime was a reaction to an environment that was inadequate for proper human relations and development. T/F

answer

True

question

Individuals interact with various people, organizations, institutions and social norms as they mature and develop. This process is referred to as A.Socialization B.Therapy

answer

Socialization

question

The biological perspective focuses on the ____ forces that can lead to crime. A.Internal B.external

answer

Internal

question

Victimology has taken on greater importance, as more criminologists focus attention on the victim's role in the criminal event. T/F

answer

True

question

A deviant act becomes a/an ____ when it is deemed socially harmful to society. A.law B.Crime

answer

Crime

question

Caesar Beccaria believed in the concept of ____, the idea that people want to achieve pleasure and avoid pain. A.Equality B.Utilitarianism

answer

utilitarianism

question

According to Durkheim, as societies change, the resulting structural changes result in A.Anomie B.Atom

answer

Anomie

question

Which of the following is NOT a social goal of the criminal law? A.Prevent crime B.Suppressing political speech

answer

suppressing political speech

question

The most commonly represented discipline in criminology is sociology. T/F

answer

True

question

The concept that laws are the product of \"moral crusaders\" who shape the law to their individual wants is known as A.Rehabilitation B.the interactionish view of crime

answer

the interactionist view of crime.

question

____ refers to the correction and control of known criminal offenders. A.Penology B.rehabilitation

answer

Penology

question

Advocates of ____ try to identify effective treatment strategies for individuals convicted of violating the law. A.rehabilitation B. penology

answer

Rehabilitation

question

Social process theorists contend that people commit crimes as a result of the anomie of failing to achieve social success. T/F

answer

False

question

The classical school argues that social conditions lead to crime. T/F

answer

False

question

The sociology of ____ is concerned with the role social forces play in shaping criminal law and the role of criminal law in shaping society. A.crime B.Law

answer

Law

question

Which of the following is NOT a legitimate social goal of the criminal law? A.Acting out B.Encouraging revenge

answer

encouraging revenge

question

____ occurs when criminal penalties are reduced rather than eliminated. A.criminalization B.Decriminalization

answer

Decriminalization

question

In the 1930s, Harry Anslinger, then head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, launched a successful effort to criminalize ____ which had been legal until then. A,meth B.crack C.Marijuana D.alcohol

answer

Marijuana

question

____ is the execution of criminal offenders (i.e., the death penalty). A.Capital Punishment B.Jail time

answer

Capital punishment

question

The process perspective focuses on the ____ forces that can lead to crime. A.Civilization B.Socialization

answer

Socialization

question

Victimology involves which of the following areas of interest? A.protection victims B.Calculationg probabilities of victimization risk

answer

calculating probabilities of victimization risk

question

During the Middle Ages, people who violated social norms or religious practices were thought to be A.Angels B.Normal C.Witches or possessed by demons

answer

Witches or possessed by Demons

question

Which of the following situations raises an ethical issue for criminologists? A.talking to many different races amongst different classes B.Studying only poor, minority subjects and ignoring white-collar criminals.

answer

Studying only poor, minority subjects and ignoring white-collar criminals

question

____ is the term used to describe the economic crimes committed by professionals such as doctors, lawyers, accountants and business owners. A.Private criminals B.White collar crime

answer

White-Collar crime

question

Positivist criminology is the application of ____ to the study of human behavior. A.Math in criminology B.The scientific method

answer

The scientific method

question

Because criminologists are influenced by many disciplines (e.g., political science, law, sociology, anthropology), the field of criminology is considered A.Interdisciplinary B.selfdisciplinary

answer

interdisciplinary.

question

A crime is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by the criminal law. T/F

answer

True

question

Classical criminology has evolved into modern ____ theory. A.Rational choice B.irrational choice

answer

Rational choice

question

According to ____, crimes are behaviors that all elements of society consider to be repugnant. A.Criminal Law B.the Consensus view of crime

answer

the consensus view of crime

question

____ refers to the agencies of social control that handle criminal offenders. A.criminal law B.Criminal Justice

answer

Criminal Justice

question

Which view of crime sees society as a collection of diverse groups who are in a constant and continuing struggle to gain political power in order to advance their economic or social situation? A.The conflict view of crime

answer

The conflict view of crime

question

People who smuggle illegal aliens into the United States from China are known as A.Snakeheads B.Deerfeet C.Cowtongues

answer

Snakeheads

question

Which of the following is a purpose of criminal law? A.Social Control B.Politcal control

answer

Social control

question

The earliest known written criminal code was A.Criminal law B.The code of Hammurabi

answer

the Code of Hammurabi.

question

Behaviors that are criminal because they reflect existing societal conditions are known as A.ex post facto laws B.mala prohibitum crimes.

answer

mala prohibitum crimes.

question

A crime becomes a deviant act when it is deemed socially harmful or dangerous. T/F

answer

False

question

The \"father of criminology\" and the man who referred to criminals as \"born criminals\" was A.Hirschi B.Lombroso

answer

Lombroso

question

Which of the following countries has the highest homicide rate per capita? A.Europe B.America C.Brazil D.Japan

answer

Brazil

question

Which of the following would be classified as a misdemeanor? A.Killing a man B.Disturbing the peace

answer

Disturbing the peace

question

Critical criminologists contend that society's economic system plays a significant role in producing criminal behavior. T/F

answer

True

question

Biosocial theory reflects the assumed link between physical and social traits and their influence on behavior. T/F

answer

True

question

During the Middle Ages, people who violated religious or social norms were thought to be possessed by demons. T/F

answer

True

question

The ____ was a group of sociologists who studied the relationship between environmental conditions and crime. A.Chicago school B.Dallas school C.New York school

answer

Chicago School

question

Theory construction focuses on A.social control B.Predicting individual behavior

answer

Predicting individual behavior

question

As a group, older citizens commit more crime than younger citizens. T/F

answer

False

question

Which of the following is NOT an alternative crime measure used by criminologists? A.victimology reports B.Experimental Data

answer

Experimental Data

question

Which of the following true statements lends support to liberal feminist theory? A.Girls dont contribute to crimes B.Girls are joining gangs at record rates

answer

Girls are joining gangs at record rates.

question

The NCVS may suffer from the validity problem associated with A.Victims over reporting crimes B.victims under reporting crimes

answer

victims overreporting crime.

question

Rape is considered an instrumental crime. T/F

answer

False

question

Tittle et al. conclude that official statistics reflect ____ in processing poor offenders. A.Class bias B.race

answer

Class bias

question

Lombroso argued the ____, claiming that a few \"masculine\" females were responsible for the few crimes women commit. A.Masculine hypothesis B.feminine hypothesis

answer

masculine hypothesis

question

The NCVS samples more than ____ annually to estimate crime victimization. A. 84,000 Households B.20,000 households

answer

84,000 households

question

In 2005, approximately ____ property crimes were committed. A.10,000,000 B.20

answer

10,000,000

question

In Wolfgang et al.'s famous study of juvenile delinquents, what percentage were \"chronic offenders?\" A.6 B.7

answer

6

question

Among the policies spurred by the chronic offender concept is the ____ policy. A.one-strike B.Three-strikes

answer

Three-strikes

question

Racial threat theory contends that as the percentage of African-Americans increases, so does the amount of social control directed at them. T/F

answer

True

question

The violent crimes reported by the FBI include A.Rape B.theft

answer

Rape

question

____ suggests that as the African-American population increases, so does the amount of social control directed at them. A.Racial threat theory B.Social theory

answer

Racial threat theory

question

Offenses committed out of rage, anger or frustration are called ____ crimes A.Expressive B.Expensive

answer

Expressive

question

In general, more crime is committed during the ____ months. A.Summer B.Winter

answer

Summer

question

Violence in the US ____ between 1995 and 2005. A.increased more than 20% B.Decreased more than 20 %

answer

decreased more than 20%

question

Social problems that lead to increases in the crime rate include A.Two parent families B.Single parent families

answer

single-parent families.

question

Which of the following is a Part I offense? A.Robbery B.Speeding

answer

Robbery

question

Index Crimes, include criminal murder, homicide and forcible rape. T/F

answer

True

question

According to self-report studies, juveniles seem to engage in a \"mixed bag\" of offenses instead of sticking to just one type of offense. T/F

answer

True

question

Offenses designed to improve the financial or social position of a criminal are called A.Instrumental crimes B.dangerous crimes

answer

instrumental crimes.

question

Which of the following factors is NOT believed to influence the crime rate? A.race B.College Graduation Rates

answer

college graduation rates

question

Crime is more common during the winter. T/F

answer

False

question

All of the major crime studies suffer some form of validity issue. T/F

answer

True

question

Which of the following regions has the highest violent crime rate? A.Urban Areas B.downtown

answer

Urban areas

question

Self-report studies tend to focus on A.Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime B.race

answer

juvenile delinquency and youth crime.

question

In Wolfgang et al.'s famous study, what percentage of chronic offenders were female? A.1 B.15

answer

1

question

____ refers to the fact that people commit less crime as they grow older. A.Aging out B.gray hair

answer

aging out

question

The crime rate computed in the UCR is the rate per ____ people. A.10,000 B.100

answer

100,000

question

What methods are used to express crime data in the UCR? D.All of the above

answer

all of the above

question

The relationship between guns and ____ may influence the crime rate. A.Age B.rockets

answer

age

question

Crime experts view a change in ____ distribution as having the greatest influence on crime trends. A.Age B.hair color

answer

age

question

The ____ surveys victims about their experiences with law violations. A.NCVS B.fbi

answer

NCVS

question

The reporting accuracy of self-report studies is questionable because A.victimology B.Criminals are often poor at remembering their own crimes.

answer

criminals are often poor at remembering their own crimes.

question

____ creates a graphic representation of the spatial geometry of crime. A.Crime Mapping B. the globe

answer

crime mapping

question

Regardless of economic status, marital status, race or sex, who is more likely to commit a crime? A.A Teenager B.elderly

answer

a teenager

question

Even ____ criminality, a source of national concern, has been on decline the last several decades. A.Teenage B.baby

answer

teenage

question

A crime is considered \"cleared\" when a person has been arrested for the offense. T/F

answer

True

question

Focusing attention on the social and economic role of women in society and relationship to female crime is called A.Liberal Feminist Theory B.victimology

answer

liberal feminist theory.

question

Violent crimes are more likely to be solved than non-violent crimes because A.Police devote more resources to more serious acts. B.police dont care

answer

police devote more resources to more serious acts.

question

____ is the view that repeat offenders begin their careers at a young age. A.aging B.Early Onset

answer

early onset

question

The UCR reports violence in the US has ____ during the past decade. A.Decreased Significantly B.increased significantly

answer

decreased significantly

question

The UCR is published by the A.Federal Bureau of Investigation B.government

answer

Federal Bureau of Investigation.

question

Offender data is included in the UCR for all crimes except A.Traffic Violations B.rape

answer

traffic violations

question

The UCR is the result of 17,000 victim reports. T/F

answer

False

question

The unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury is the crime of A.capital punishment B.Aggravated Assault

answer

aggravated assault

question

The UCR reports are based on all crimes that have been A.Cleared B.extended

answer

cleared

question

Crime is more common during the winter. T/F

answer

False

question

Which of the following affects the validity of the UCR? A.Many cases of child abuse go unreported B.age

answer

Many cases of child abuse go unreported.

question

The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear is the crime of A.Robbery B.rape

answer

Robbery

question

This source of data collects offender and victim information on each reported crime. A.two B.NIBRS

answer

NIBRS.

question

The idea that those criminals start delinquency early are more likely to continue into adulthood is referred to as A.who cares B.Persistence

answer

persistence

question

According to the 2004 Monitoring the Future survey, the highest percentage of teens (28%) reported engaging in which of the following criminal activities? A.Shop Lifting B.felonies

answer

shop lifting

question

Which of the following is a prominent form of victim services program? A.Public Education B.school

answer

Public education

question

Which victimization theory claims that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization? A.rain B.Victim Precipitation Theory

answer

victim precipitation theory

question

____, ____, and ____ are the three variables that make up routine activities theory. A.Capable Guardian, Suitable Target, Motivated Offender B.age, race, class

answer

Capable guardian, suitable target, motivated offender

question

U.S. residents 12 or older experienced approximately ____ crimes according to the 2004 NCVS. A.24 B.24,000,000

answer

24,000,000

question

According to victim precipitation theory, which type of precipitation occurs when victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first? A.Active B.old

answer

Active

question

There is an international movement to establish victim's rights. T/F

answer

True

question

The wealthy are more likely to be targets of ____ and ____ than the poor. A.Pocket Picking, Purse Snatching B. rape, arson

answer

pocket picking, purse snatching

question

Males are more likely than females to be the victims of violent crime. T/F

answer

True

question

The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares is called A.Postraumatic Stress Disorder b.crazy

answer

posttraumatic stress disorder.

question

Some victims, especially the elderly, the poor, and minority group members, develop a persistent and paralyzing fear that they again will become victimized. T/F

answer

True

question

The cost of crime victimization is estimated to be in the billions of dollars each year. T/F

answer

True

question

There are three specific types of characteristics that contribute to chronic victimization. Which of the following is NOT one of these types of characteristics? A.Target Hostility B.target

answer

target hostility

question

There is growing evidence that crime victims are more likely to commit crimes themselves. T/F

answer

True

question

Which types of homes are the most vulnerable to crime? A.white B.African American

answer

African-American

question

____ are particularly at risk of PTSD. A.Adolescents B.babies

answer

Adolescents

question

Victimization is primarily a function of where people live according to A.here B.Deviant Place Theory

answer

deviant place theory.

question

Victim risk diminishes rapidly after age A.25 B.1

answer

25

question

Laws devoted to the tracking and registration of sexual offenders are known as A.Megan's Laws B.laws

answer

Megan's Laws.

question

The college lifestyle of \"____\" makes students victimization-prone. A.studying B.Partying and Taking recreational drugs

answer

partying and taking recreational drugs

question

The study of crime victims began with some pioneering studies in the 1960s. T/F

answer

True

question

Tom wears his favorite team jersey to a soccer game and sits on the opposing team's side of the stadium. This would be an example of A.Target Antagonism B.supporting his team

answer

target antagonism.

question

The scientific study of those harmed by crimes is called A.socialization B.Victimology

answer

victimology.

question

Approximately ____% of students experienced a crime at school. A.5 B.99

answer

5

question

When victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crimes themselves, the phenomenon is called A.the Cycle of Violence B.victims

answer

the cycle of violence.

question

The costs of crime victimization include all of the following EXCEPT A.work B.Public Works Projects

answer

public works projects.

question

According to Marcus Felson in Crime in Everyday Life which of the following is an important change in the structure of society that has affected the crime rate? A.Greater free time for teens to meet friends away from parental controls B.parenting

answer

Greater free time for teens to meet friends away from parental controls.

question

As many as ____% of crime victims suffer PTSD. A.25 B.1

answer

25

question

The study of crime victims began with some pioneering studies in the 1960s. T/F

answer

true

question

____ refers to a victims physical weakness or psychological stress that renders them incapable of resisting or deterring crime. A.Target Vulnerability B.target

answer

Target vulnerability

question

Wearing expensive gold jewelry presents ____ according to routine activities theory. A.a Suitable Target B.risk

answer

a suitable target

question

The risk of arson for both men and women is significantly higher a disorganized inner-city where gangs flourish and drug trafficking is commonplace. T/F

answer

False

question

A drug addict who needs to steal to feed his habit is an example of A.criminal B.a Motivated Offender

answer

a motivated offender.

question

The most controversial element of the victims' rights movement is A.The removal of the witness protection program B.witness

answer

the removal of the witness protection program.

question

There are approximately ____ victim-witness assistance programs in the US. A.2000 B.76

answer

2000

question

The notion that a pool of motivated offenders exists and these offenders will take advantage of unguarded, suitable targets is known as A.Routine Activities Theory B.fear of crime

answer

routine activities theory.

question

Some victims, especially ____ develop a persistent and paralyzing fear of crime. A.The Elderly B.criminals

answer

the elderly

question

There is growing evidence that crime victims are more likely to commit crimes themselves. T/F

answer

True

question

More serious violent crime such as rape and aggravated assault typically takes place A.morning B.After 6pm

answer

after 6PM.

question

People over age 65 account for about ____ percent of violent victimization. A.2 B.70

answer

2

question

Being abused or neglected as a child ____ the odds of being arrested, both as a juvenile and as an adult. A.Increases B.decreases

answer

increases

question

Mediated face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers designed to produce restitution agreements are called A.Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs B.rehab

answer

victim-offender reconciliation programs.

question

Women, in 2/3 of all reported crimes, are victimized by A.Someone they know or live with B.stranger

answer

someone they know or live with.

question

Women are ____ times more likely than men to be victims of rape or sexual assault. A.6 B.10

answer

6

question

____ are the least frequent violent victimization-about 6 per 100,000 persons. A.goal B.Murder

answer

Murder

question

____ occurs when a victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly threatens or encourages an attacker. A.Active Precipitation B.program

answer

Active precipitation

question

A primary goal of victims advocates has been to lobby for A.Crime Victim Compensation Programs B.threats

answer

crime victim compensation programs.

question

Violent crimes, such as rape and aggravated assault, are more likely to take place during the early morning in private residences. T/F

answer

False

question

Less serious forms of violence, such as unarmed robberies and personal larcenies like purse snatching, are more likely to occur

answer

during the daytime.

question

____ programs operate for victims who feel isolated, vulnerable and in need of emergency services. A.Crisis Intervention B.union

answer

Crisis intervention

question

Besides the US, the ____ has been on the forefront of the victims' rights movement. A.European Union B.intervention

answer

European Union

question

Counselors who prepare victims and witnesses for the court process are known as A.widow B.Victim advocates

answer

victim advocates.

question

People living in rural areas have a victimization rate almost ____ that of city dwellers. A.50% less than B.advocate

answer

50% less than

question

Which of the following groups has the lowest rate of victimization? A.Widows and Widowers B.race

answer

widows and widowers.

question

Because criminals and victims are usually of the same race, crime tends to be A.Interracial B.ethic

answer

interracial

question

The cost of crime victimization is estimated to be in the billions of dollars each year. T/F

answer

True

question

Those living in the central city have significantly ____ rates of theft and violence in comparison to suburbanites. A.Higher B.low

answer

higher

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