Reflection Essay on Criminology Test 1
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Courts that review trial court procedures are known as A.appellate courts B.Supreme courts C.district courts D. county courts
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appellate courts.
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Biosocial theory reflects an assumed link between A. psychological and biological factors B.Biological and social factors C. social and psychological factors
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biological and social factors.
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The academic discipline of criminology uses scientific methods to study the ____ of criminal behavior. A.Nature Extent and Causes B.biological,social, psychological causes C.Extent and cause
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nature, extent and causes
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The structural perspective focuses on ____ forces that can lead to crime. A.physical B.Social C.Ecological
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ecological
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Ex post facto laws are a violation of the Constitution. T/F
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True
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Criminology is an interdisciplinary science. T/F
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True
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The written code that defines crimes and their punishment is called A.Criminal Law B.Victimology C.Declaration of Independence
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Criminal Law
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A law applied retroactively to punish behavior that was not a crime prior to passage of the law is called A.Criminal Law B.Ex Post Facto law
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Ex post facto law
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A serious crime, such as murder, would be classified as a A.misdemeanor B.state jail C.Felony
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Felony
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If a new law is successfully applied in a number of different cases and is referenced by judges in their subsequent decisions, it is known as A.Law B.Precedent
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Precedent
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The consensus view of crime suggests that moral entrepreneurs write laws to benefit the few. T/F
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False
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Chicago School sociologists argued that crime was a reaction to an environment that was inadequate for proper human relations and development. T/F
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True
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Individuals interact with various people, organizations, institutions and social norms as they mature and develop. This process is referred to as A.Socialization B.Therapy
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Socialization
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The biological perspective focuses on the ____ forces that can lead to crime. A.Internal B.external
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Internal
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Victimology has taken on greater importance, as more criminologists focus attention on the victim's role in the criminal event. T/F
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True
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A deviant act becomes a/an ____ when it is deemed socially harmful to society. A.law B.Crime
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Crime
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Caesar Beccaria believed in the concept of ____, the idea that people want to achieve pleasure and avoid pain. A.Equality B.Utilitarianism
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utilitarianism
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According to Durkheim, as societies change, the resulting structural changes result in A.Anomie B.Atom
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Anomie
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Which of the following is NOT a social goal of the criminal law? A.Prevent crime B.Suppressing political speech
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suppressing political speech
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The most commonly represented discipline in criminology is sociology. T/F
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True
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The concept that laws are the product of \"moral crusaders\" who shape the law to their individual wants is known as A.Rehabilitation B.the interactionish view of crime
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the interactionist view of crime.
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____ refers to the correction and control of known criminal offenders. A.Penology B.rehabilitation
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Penology
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Advocates of ____ try to identify effective treatment strategies for individuals convicted of violating the law. A.rehabilitation B. penology
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Rehabilitation
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Social process theorists contend that people commit crimes as a result of the anomie of failing to achieve social success. T/F
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False
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The classical school argues that social conditions lead to crime. T/F
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False
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The sociology of ____ is concerned with the role social forces play in shaping criminal law and the role of criminal law in shaping society. A.crime B.Law
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Law
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Which of the following is NOT a legitimate social goal of the criminal law? A.Acting out B.Encouraging revenge
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encouraging revenge
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____ occurs when criminal penalties are reduced rather than eliminated. A.criminalization B.Decriminalization
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Decriminalization
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In the 1930s, Harry Anslinger, then head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, launched a successful effort to criminalize ____ which had been legal until then. A,meth B.crack C.Marijuana D.alcohol
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Marijuana
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____ is the execution of criminal offenders (i.e., the death penalty). A.Capital Punishment B.Jail time
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Capital punishment
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The process perspective focuses on the ____ forces that can lead to crime. A.Civilization B.Socialization
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Socialization
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Victimology involves which of the following areas of interest? A.protection victims B.Calculationg probabilities of victimization risk
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calculating probabilities of victimization risk
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During the Middle Ages, people who violated social norms or religious practices were thought to be A.Angels B.Normal C.Witches or possessed by demons
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Witches or possessed by Demons
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Which of the following situations raises an ethical issue for criminologists? A.talking to many different races amongst different classes B.Studying only poor, minority subjects and ignoring white-collar criminals.
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Studying only poor, minority subjects and ignoring white-collar criminals
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____ is the term used to describe the economic crimes committed by professionals such as doctors, lawyers, accountants and business owners. A.Private criminals B.White collar crime
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White-Collar crime
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Positivist criminology is the application of ____ to the study of human behavior. A.Math in criminology B.The scientific method
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The scientific method
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Because criminologists are influenced by many disciplines (e.g., political science, law, sociology, anthropology), the field of criminology is considered A.Interdisciplinary B.selfdisciplinary
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interdisciplinary.
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A crime is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by the criminal law. T/F
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True
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Classical criminology has evolved into modern ____ theory. A.Rational choice B.irrational choice
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Rational choice
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According to ____, crimes are behaviors that all elements of society consider to be repugnant. A.Criminal Law B.the Consensus view of crime
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the consensus view of crime
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____ refers to the agencies of social control that handle criminal offenders. A.criminal law B.Criminal Justice
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Criminal Justice
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Which view of crime sees society as a collection of diverse groups who are in a constant and continuing struggle to gain political power in order to advance their economic or social situation? A.The conflict view of crime
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The conflict view of crime
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People who smuggle illegal aliens into the United States from China are known as A.Snakeheads B.Deerfeet C.Cowtongues
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Snakeheads
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Which of the following is a purpose of criminal law? A.Social Control B.Politcal control
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Social control
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The earliest known written criminal code was A.Criminal law B.The code of Hammurabi
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the Code of Hammurabi.
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Behaviors that are criminal because they reflect existing societal conditions are known as A.ex post facto laws B.mala prohibitum crimes.
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mala prohibitum crimes.
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A crime becomes a deviant act when it is deemed socially harmful or dangerous. T/F
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False
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The \"father of criminology\" and the man who referred to criminals as \"born criminals\" was A.Hirschi B.Lombroso
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Lombroso
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Which of the following countries has the highest homicide rate per capita? A.Europe B.America C.Brazil D.Japan
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Brazil
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Which of the following would be classified as a misdemeanor? A.Killing a man B.Disturbing the peace
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Disturbing the peace
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Critical criminologists contend that society's economic system plays a significant role in producing criminal behavior. T/F
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True
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Biosocial theory reflects the assumed link between physical and social traits and their influence on behavior. T/F
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True
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During the Middle Ages, people who violated religious or social norms were thought to be possessed by demons. T/F
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True
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The ____ was a group of sociologists who studied the relationship between environmental conditions and crime. A.Chicago school B.Dallas school C.New York school
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Chicago School
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Theory construction focuses on A.social control B.Predicting individual behavior
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Predicting individual behavior
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As a group, older citizens commit more crime than younger citizens. T/F
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False
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Which of the following is NOT an alternative crime measure used by criminologists? A.victimology reports B.Experimental Data
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Experimental Data
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Which of the following true statements lends support to liberal feminist theory? A.Girls dont contribute to crimes B.Girls are joining gangs at record rates
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Girls are joining gangs at record rates.
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The NCVS may suffer from the validity problem associated with A.Victims over reporting crimes B.victims under reporting crimes
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victims overreporting crime.
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Rape is considered an instrumental crime. T/F
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False
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Tittle et al. conclude that official statistics reflect ____ in processing poor offenders. A.Class bias B.race
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Class bias
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Lombroso argued the ____, claiming that a few \"masculine\" females were responsible for the few crimes women commit. A.Masculine hypothesis B.feminine hypothesis
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masculine hypothesis
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The NCVS samples more than ____ annually to estimate crime victimization. A. 84,000 Households B.20,000 households
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84,000 households
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In 2005, approximately ____ property crimes were committed. A.10,000,000 B.20
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10,000,000
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In Wolfgang et al.'s famous study of juvenile delinquents, what percentage were \"chronic offenders?\" A.6 B.7
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6
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Among the policies spurred by the chronic offender concept is the ____ policy. A.one-strike B.Three-strikes
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Three-strikes
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Racial threat theory contends that as the percentage of African-Americans increases, so does the amount of social control directed at them. T/F
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True
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The violent crimes reported by the FBI include A.Rape B.theft
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Rape
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____ suggests that as the African-American population increases, so does the amount of social control directed at them. A.Racial threat theory B.Social theory
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Racial threat theory
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Offenses committed out of rage, anger or frustration are called ____ crimes A.Expressive B.Expensive
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Expressive
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In general, more crime is committed during the ____ months. A.Summer B.Winter
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Summer
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Violence in the US ____ between 1995 and 2005. A.increased more than 20% B.Decreased more than 20 %
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decreased more than 20%
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Social problems that lead to increases in the crime rate include A.Two parent families B.Single parent families
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single-parent families.
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Which of the following is a Part I offense? A.Robbery B.Speeding
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Robbery
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Index Crimes, include criminal murder, homicide and forcible rape. T/F
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True
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According to self-report studies, juveniles seem to engage in a \"mixed bag\" of offenses instead of sticking to just one type of offense. T/F
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True
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Offenses designed to improve the financial or social position of a criminal are called A.Instrumental crimes B.dangerous crimes
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instrumental crimes.
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Which of the following factors is NOT believed to influence the crime rate? A.race B.College Graduation Rates
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college graduation rates
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Crime is more common during the winter. T/F
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False
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All of the major crime studies suffer some form of validity issue. T/F
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True
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Which of the following regions has the highest violent crime rate? A.Urban Areas B.downtown
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Urban areas
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Self-report studies tend to focus on A.Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime B.race
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juvenile delinquency and youth crime.
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In Wolfgang et al.'s famous study, what percentage of chronic offenders were female? A.1 B.15
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1
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____ refers to the fact that people commit less crime as they grow older. A.Aging out B.gray hair
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aging out
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The crime rate computed in the UCR is the rate per ____ people. A.10,000 B.100
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100,000
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What methods are used to express crime data in the UCR? D.All of the above
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all of the above
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The relationship between guns and ____ may influence the crime rate. A.Age B.rockets
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age
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Crime experts view a change in ____ distribution as having the greatest influence on crime trends. A.Age B.hair color
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age
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The ____ surveys victims about their experiences with law violations. A.NCVS B.fbi
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NCVS
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The reporting accuracy of self-report studies is questionable because A.victimology B.Criminals are often poor at remembering their own crimes.
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criminals are often poor at remembering their own crimes.
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____ creates a graphic representation of the spatial geometry of crime. A.Crime Mapping B. the globe
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crime mapping
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Regardless of economic status, marital status, race or sex, who is more likely to commit a crime? A.A Teenager B.elderly
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a teenager
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Even ____ criminality, a source of national concern, has been on decline the last several decades. A.Teenage B.baby
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teenage
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A crime is considered \"cleared\" when a person has been arrested for the offense. T/F
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True
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Focusing attention on the social and economic role of women in society and relationship to female crime is called A.Liberal Feminist Theory B.victimology
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liberal feminist theory.
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Violent crimes are more likely to be solved than non-violent crimes because A.Police devote more resources to more serious acts. B.police dont care
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police devote more resources to more serious acts.
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____ is the view that repeat offenders begin their careers at a young age. A.aging B.Early Onset
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early onset
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The UCR reports violence in the US has ____ during the past decade. A.Decreased Significantly B.increased significantly
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decreased significantly
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The UCR is published by the A.Federal Bureau of Investigation B.government
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Federal Bureau of Investigation.
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Offender data is included in the UCR for all crimes except A.Traffic Violations B.rape
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traffic violations
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The UCR is the result of 17,000 victim reports. T/F
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False
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The unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury is the crime of A.capital punishment B.Aggravated Assault
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aggravated assault
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The UCR reports are based on all crimes that have been A.Cleared B.extended
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cleared
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Crime is more common during the winter. T/F
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False
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Which of the following affects the validity of the UCR? A.Many cases of child abuse go unreported B.age
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Many cases of child abuse go unreported.
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The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear is the crime of A.Robbery B.rape
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Robbery
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This source of data collects offender and victim information on each reported crime. A.two B.NIBRS
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NIBRS.
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The idea that those criminals start delinquency early are more likely to continue into adulthood is referred to as A.who cares B.Persistence
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persistence
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According to the 2004 Monitoring the Future survey, the highest percentage of teens (28%) reported engaging in which of the following criminal activities? A.Shop Lifting B.felonies
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shop lifting
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Which of the following is a prominent form of victim services program? A.Public Education B.school
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Public education
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Which victimization theory claims that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization? A.rain B.Victim Precipitation Theory
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victim precipitation theory
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____, ____, and ____ are the three variables that make up routine activities theory. A.Capable Guardian, Suitable Target, Motivated Offender B.age, race, class
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Capable guardian, suitable target, motivated offender
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U.S. residents 12 or older experienced approximately ____ crimes according to the 2004 NCVS. A.24 B.24,000,000
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24,000,000
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According to victim precipitation theory, which type of precipitation occurs when victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first? A.Active B.old
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Active
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There is an international movement to establish victim's rights. T/F
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True
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The wealthy are more likely to be targets of ____ and ____ than the poor. A.Pocket Picking, Purse Snatching B. rape, arson
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pocket picking, purse snatching
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Males are more likely than females to be the victims of violent crime. T/F
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True
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The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares is called A.Postraumatic Stress Disorder b.crazy
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posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Some victims, especially the elderly, the poor, and minority group members, develop a persistent and paralyzing fear that they again will become victimized. T/F
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True
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The cost of crime victimization is estimated to be in the billions of dollars each year. T/F
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True
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There are three specific types of characteristics that contribute to chronic victimization. Which of the following is NOT one of these types of characteristics? A.Target Hostility B.target
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target hostility
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There is growing evidence that crime victims are more likely to commit crimes themselves. T/F
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True
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Which types of homes are the most vulnerable to crime? A.white B.African American
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African-American
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____ are particularly at risk of PTSD. A.Adolescents B.babies
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Adolescents
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Victimization is primarily a function of where people live according to A.here B.Deviant Place Theory
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deviant place theory.
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Victim risk diminishes rapidly after age A.25 B.1
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25
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Laws devoted to the tracking and registration of sexual offenders are known as A.Megan's Laws B.laws
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Megan's Laws.
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The college lifestyle of \"____\" makes students victimization-prone. A.studying B.Partying and Taking recreational drugs
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partying and taking recreational drugs
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The study of crime victims began with some pioneering studies in the 1960s. T/F
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True
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Tom wears his favorite team jersey to a soccer game and sits on the opposing team's side of the stadium. This would be an example of A.Target Antagonism B.supporting his team
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target antagonism.
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The scientific study of those harmed by crimes is called A.socialization B.Victimology
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victimology.
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Approximately ____% of students experienced a crime at school. A.5 B.99
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5
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When victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crimes themselves, the phenomenon is called A.the Cycle of Violence B.victims
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the cycle of violence.
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The costs of crime victimization include all of the following EXCEPT A.work B.Public Works Projects
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public works projects.
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According to Marcus Felson in Crime in Everyday Life which of the following is an important change in the structure of society that has affected the crime rate? A.Greater free time for teens to meet friends away from parental controls B.parenting
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Greater free time for teens to meet friends away from parental controls.
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As many as ____% of crime victims suffer PTSD. A.25 B.1
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25
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The study of crime victims began with some pioneering studies in the 1960s. T/F
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true
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____ refers to a victims physical weakness or psychological stress that renders them incapable of resisting or deterring crime. A.Target Vulnerability B.target
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Target vulnerability
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Wearing expensive gold jewelry presents ____ according to routine activities theory. A.a Suitable Target B.risk
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a suitable target
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The risk of arson for both men and women is significantly higher a disorganized inner-city where gangs flourish and drug trafficking is commonplace. T/F
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False
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A drug addict who needs to steal to feed his habit is an example of A.criminal B.a Motivated Offender
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a motivated offender.
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The most controversial element of the victims' rights movement is A.The removal of the witness protection program B.witness
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the removal of the witness protection program.
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There are approximately ____ victim-witness assistance programs in the US. A.2000 B.76
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2000
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The notion that a pool of motivated offenders exists and these offenders will take advantage of unguarded, suitable targets is known as A.Routine Activities Theory B.fear of crime
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routine activities theory.
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Some victims, especially ____ develop a persistent and paralyzing fear of crime. A.The Elderly B.criminals
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the elderly
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There is growing evidence that crime victims are more likely to commit crimes themselves. T/F
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True
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More serious violent crime such as rape and aggravated assault typically takes place A.morning B.After 6pm
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after 6PM.
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People over age 65 account for about ____ percent of violent victimization. A.2 B.70
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2
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Being abused or neglected as a child ____ the odds of being arrested, both as a juvenile and as an adult. A.Increases B.decreases
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increases
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Mediated face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers designed to produce restitution agreements are called A.Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs B.rehab
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victim-offender reconciliation programs.
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Women, in 2/3 of all reported crimes, are victimized by A.Someone they know or live with B.stranger
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someone they know or live with.
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Women are ____ times more likely than men to be victims of rape or sexual assault. A.6 B.10
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6
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____ are the least frequent violent victimization-about 6 per 100,000 persons. A.goal B.Murder
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Murder
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____ occurs when a victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly threatens or encourages an attacker. A.Active Precipitation B.program
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Active precipitation
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A primary goal of victims advocates has been to lobby for A.Crime Victim Compensation Programs B.threats
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crime victim compensation programs.
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Violent crimes, such as rape and aggravated assault, are more likely to take place during the early morning in private residences. T/F
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False
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Less serious forms of violence, such as unarmed robberies and personal larcenies like purse snatching, are more likely to occur
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during the daytime.
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____ programs operate for victims who feel isolated, vulnerable and in need of emergency services. A.Crisis Intervention B.union
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Crisis intervention
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Besides the US, the ____ has been on the forefront of the victims' rights movement. A.European Union B.intervention
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European Union
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Counselors who prepare victims and witnesses for the court process are known as A.widow B.Victim advocates
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victim advocates.
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People living in rural areas have a victimization rate almost ____ that of city dwellers. A.50% less than B.advocate
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50% less than
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Which of the following groups has the lowest rate of victimization? A.Widows and Widowers B.race
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widows and widowers.
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Because criminals and victims are usually of the same race, crime tends to be A.Interracial B.ethic
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interracial
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The cost of crime victimization is estimated to be in the billions of dollars each year. T/F
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True
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Those living in the central city have significantly ____ rates of theft and violence in comparison to suburbanites. A.Higher B.low
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higher
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