Criminology Study Guide Units 1-8 - Flashcards

question

What is deviant in one place or in one time period may not be deviant in other places or in other time periods.

answer

True

question

One of the most common research methods in criminology is which of the following?

answer

Surveys

question

Insanity pleas do not happen as often in real life as on television.

answer

True

question

Deviance is simply any act which violates what?

answer

Society's norms

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The Uniform Crime Reports involve giving a survey to individuals to see if they have been victimized within a given time period.

answer

False

question

What are norms that have an underlying shared assumption of approval or disapproval?

answer

Mores

question

The FBI collects which crime statistics?

answer

Uniform Crime Reports

question

Experiments are very common in criminology, but not in psychology.

answer

False

question

Mens rea literally means what?

answer

Guilty mind

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Crime is a straightforward, easy topic to research and study.

answer

False

question

Crime statistics are incredibly accurate.

answer

False

question

What are formal norms called?

answer

Laws

question

Mens rea is the actual act that the person is accused of.

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False

question

In official statistics, crime is which of the following?

answer

Under-reported

question

If there is no what, there is no crime?

answer

Law

question

Researchers have ruled out pollution as a potential cause of crime.

answer

False

question

Who argued that individuals learn aggressive behavior by imitating and learning from others?

answer

Albert Bandura

question

Who suggested that a person's physical characteristics could predict whether they were criminal or not?

answer

Cesare Lombroso

question

Somatotyping uses what to explain crime?

answer

Body type

question

William H. Sheldon argued that which body type was most likely to commit crimes?

answer

Mesomorphs

question

The substantial-capacity test states that an individual should have the mental capacity to understand that an act is wrong or conform his or her behavior to the law.

answer

True

question

Freud argued that which part of our personality held our unconscious urges, desires, and drives?

answer

Id

question

The Behavioral Science Unit (BSI) is a part of what agency?

answer

FBI

question

Hans J. Eysenck in the 1960s argued that crime was related to what?

answer

Personality traits

question

Harold G. Grasmick suggested that people with low self-control are drawn to risk-taking behaviors that are exciting and dangerous.

answer

True

question

Franz Joseph Gull suggested that a person's what could predict their criminal tendencies?

answer

Skull

question

A GBMI decision in a trial means what?

answer

The person is mentally ill, but is still responsible for his crimes.

question

What weather factor is consistently connected to crime in studies?

answer

Temperature

question

What food was used as a defense for murder in the 1980s?

answer

Sugar

question

Criminologists do not believe that biology has any effect on crime.

answer

False

question

With the adaptation of rebellion, people reject both the goal and the means of reaching the goal, but replace them with different goals and means of reaching them.

answer

True

question

When a group is experiencing a lot of upheaval or social change for some reason, crime may increase, according to social disorganization theory.

answer

True

question

Which theory examines how geographical location and features in that location affect crime?

answer

Environmental criminology

question

Radical criminology theories argue that crime like most human behavior is learned through watching other people and interacting with them.

answer

False

question

Merton argued that anomie occurs when society emphasizes a goal but the accepted means to achieve that goal are inadequate.

answer

True

question

Cloward and Ohlin argued that some people have a greater access to illegal opportunities than other people.

answer

True

question

What theory argues that the causes of crime are located in the social conditions of a society that empower the wealthy and disenfranchise the poor and others less fortunate?

answer

Radical criminology

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For criminologists, social structure includes only the physical features and landscape of a place.

answer

False

question

Secondary deviance is continued deviance.

answer

True

question

Which theory argues that crime is due to social conflict, social change, and a lack of consensus in the group?

answer

Social disorganization theory

question

Which theory says that people have differing amounts of access to illegitimate means of reaching society's goals?

answer

Differential opportunity theory

question

Anomie means what?

answer

Normlessness

question

Social sickness is also called what?

answer

Social Pathology

question

Criminologists don't believe that the social environment has any effect on crime.

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False

question

What are external forces that influence our actions and lives?

answer

Social conditions

question

Individuals who commit assaults are most likely to be in which age group?

answer

15-34

question

What type of homicide is that in which the victim and perpetrator knew each other as friends, family, or other acquaintances?

answer

Primary homicide

question

Most items taken through larceny are taken from where?

answer

Cars

question

Statistics on arson are limited in the sense that only fires classified as arson are reported to agencies like the FBI.

answer

True

question

What does not involve the use of force or illegal entry in order for property to be taken?

answer

Larceny

question

In 2003, the number of homicides was what percent of the total number of crimes reported?

answer

Less than one percent

question

Some studies have found that about two-thirds of all individuals have shoplifted at some point in their life.

answer

True

question

Homicide is the most frequent crime.

answer

False

question

Which type of thief can be defined as an individual who has acquired a degree of skill, plans his crimes, generates relatively good amounts of money, and spends little time incarcerated?

answer

Professional thief

question

What type of homicide includes crimes in which the offender planned to kill another person and then carried out the act?

answer

First degree murder

question

Research indicates that most robberies involve little planning on the part of offenders.

answer

True

question

In about what percent of home robberies does the victim know the offender?

answer

Forty percent

question

Who are individuals who let burglars know about attractive targets?

answer

Tipsters

question

Mass murders are homicides that involve the murder of several individuals in at least three separate events.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is NOT a crime against persons?

answer

Arson

question

In 2003, the number of products recalled was under 10 in the Unites States.

answer

False

question

What are crimes that effect society's ability to operate and people's ability to function?

answer

Public order crimes

question

What are crimes committed by an individual for personal gain and profit during the course of their occupation?

answer

Occupational crimes

question

Embezzlement is the theft of what?

answer

Company funds

question

One of the hallmarks of occupational crime is its focus on the individual.

answer

True

question

One of the reasons that organized crime has been around so long is that it provides goods and services that society wants.

answer

True

question

Who coined the term "white-collar crime"?

answer

Edwin Sutherland

question

During what period of time did organized crime in the United States gain power and become more coordinated?

answer

Prohibition

question

What is the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States?

answer

Marijuana

question

What is the lending of money at interest rates higher than the legal limits called?

answer

Loan sharking

question

Drug cartels in South America engage in which type of crime?

answer

Transnational organized crime

question

Upperworld crime is another term for which of the following?

answer

White-collar crimes

question

Which infamous individual took over organized crime in Chicago in the 1920s?

answer

Al Capone

question

Scholars have argued that what is the best way to control organized crime?

answer

Reduce the demand for the goods and services that it provides

question

What involves the agreement on the part of multiple corporations to charge a particular price for a good or service?

answer

Price-fixing

question

All crimes are investigated by the police.

answer

False

question

What is the power by prosecutors to directly try juveniles in adult courts?

answer

Direct file

question

After a crime has been reported, what is one of the first decisions that the police have to make?

answer

Whether to investigate the crime

question

What is a panel of citizens who hear the prosecution's case in secret hearings and decide whether the individual should be formally charged?

answer

Grand jury

question

Unlike adults, juveniles are found to be what instead of "guilty"?

answer

Delinquent

question

The only way a person can be released from prison is to serve their entire sentence.

answer

False

question

The criminal justice system does NOT include which of the following?

answer

Crime scholars

question

An offender would be most likely to be given probation if they committed which of the following crimes?

answer

Shoplifting

question

The most extreme form of incapacitation is which of the following?

answer

The death penalty

question

General deterrence is the idea that if people see the punishments given to offenders that they will be less likely to commit crimes themselves.

answer

True

question

In juvenile courts, the upper age limit is always which age or younger?

answer

17

question

What is the first stage in the criminal case process called?

answer

Entry into the system

question

Juveniles are treated exactly the same as adults in the criminal case process.

answer

False

question

Who are the first "gatekeepers" of the criminal justice system?

answer

Victims

question

As the stages of the criminal case process continue, more and more cases are involved.

answer

False

question

A Justice of the Peace must have a law degree to be appointed to the position.

answer

False

question

Police departments are seeing decreasing numbers of minority and female recruits.

answer

False

question

What is a decision that a police officer makes?

answer

Whether a person should be arrested or not

question

Any person convicted of a crime has the right to appeal their conviction to the appellate courts when there may be an error on a point of law.

answer

True

question

Anyone can be a police officer and handle the job.

answer

False

question

Who appoints individuals to the position of Chief Justice or Associate Justices in the Supreme Court?

answer

The President

question

The most important feature of the crime control model is what?

answer

Reducing crime

question

Who oversees courts of limited jurisdiction?

answer

Justice of the Peace

question

Neighborhood Watch is an example of what type of policing?

answer

Community policing

question

What is the largest category of cases handled by the federal district courts?

answer

Drug cases

question

Counting the Chief Justice and the Associate Justices, how many individuals make up the Supreme Court?

answer

9

question

How many judges are there on state supreme courts?

answer

5-9

question

An example of police-community relations programs is Neighborhood Watch.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is generally NOT required for someone to become a police officer?

answer

Recommendations from teachers

question

Death penalty cases cost, on average, how much more than life imprisonment cases?

answer

$2,000,000

question

What were prison hulks?

answer

Decommissioned ships used to hold offenders

question

Prisons are typically under whose control?

answer

The state or federal government

question

Parole officers spend most of their time on administrative tasks.

answer

False

question

Probation results in recidivism or repeated crime rates that are under 5 percent.

answer

False

question

Men make up about what percentage of prisoners in the United States?

answer

90

question

Penitentiaries came to be known by this name because it was believed that the offenders were doing penitence for their criminal acts.

answer

True

question

Jails never hold more than 1,000 prisoners.

answer

False

question

In the United States, the cost of the correctional system is over $34 billion dollars each year.

answer

True

question

Having to serve meals to the homeless would be an example of which type of punishment?

answer

Community Service

question

Prisons are considered to be correctional facilities but jails are not.

answer

False

question

What is prison argot?

answer

A unique vocabulary used by prisoners

question

On average, how much does it take to incarcerate a prisoner in the U.S. for one year?

answer

$20,000

question

When did prisons begin developing?

answer

The Middle Ages

question

By 2001, at least 140 prisons were being operated by private companies.

answer

True

question

What type of prison are those with high walls and gun towers surrounding the prison?

answer

Maximum security prison

Criminology Study Guide Units 1-8 – Flashcards

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