Criminology Midterm – Flashcards
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True or False: A criminologist is an individual who studies crime and criminals.
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True
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Deviance is simply any act which violates what?
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Society's Norms
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Mens Rea literally means what?
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Guilty Mind
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True or False: What is deviant in one place or in one time period may not be deviant in other places or in other time periods.
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True
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What are norms that have an underlying shared assumptions of approval or disapproval?
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Mores
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True or False: Crime is a straightforward, easy topic to research and study.
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False
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What are formal norms called?
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Laws
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True or False: Mens rea is the actual act that the person is accused of.
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False
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Who argued that deviance has benefits for society?
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Emile Durkheim
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What is one possible problem with the statistics in the NCVS?
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People may not accurately report the crime that they have experienced.
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Who is someone who collects and examines evidence in actual crimes?
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Criminalist
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If you commit a crime under duress, what does this mean?
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You were forced to commit the crime.
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The FBI collects which crime statistics?
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Uniform Crime Reports
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In official statistics, crime is which of the following? Over reporting, Exact, Under-Reported, or Accurate
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Under-Reported
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True or False: Experiments are very common in criminology, but not in psychology.
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False
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True or False: Researchers have ruled out pollution as a potential cause of crime.
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False
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True or False: Criminologists do not believe that biology has any effect on crime.
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False
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William H. Sheldon argued that which body type was most likely to commit crimes?
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Mesomorphs
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One of the first instances when the "not guilty by reasons of insanity" defenses was used involved which defendant?
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Daniel M'Naughten
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True or False: Bandura argued that once a person has learned aggressive behavior, something had to trigger it.
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True
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Franz Joseph Gull suggested that a person's what could predict their criminal tendencies?
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Skull
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Mesomorphs have which of the following body types?
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Muscular and Athletic
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Who argued that individuals learn aggressive behavior by imitation and learning from others?
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Albert Bandura
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True or False: The hormone testosterone has been linked to aggression.
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True
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Who suggested that a person's physical characteristics could predict whether they were criminal or not?
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Cesare Lombroso
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True or False: Constitutional theories are those that explain crimes as related to psychological attributes.
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False
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True or False: The substantial-capacity test states that an individual should have the mental capacity to understand that an act is wrong or conform his or her behavior to the law.
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True
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True or False: Harold G. Grasmick suggested that people with low self-control are drawn to risk-taking behaviors that are exciting and dangerous.
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True
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True or False: Phrenology suggested that by seeing or feeling a person's skull, we could have insight into their personality and which characteristics were over or under developed.
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True
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In Merton's strain theory, which category involves individuals accepting the societal goal but using new ways of reaching that goal?
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Innovation
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True or False: Criminologists don't believe that the social environment has any effect on crime.
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False
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Conflict theorists argue that who uses the law in order to reinforce their place in society?
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Powerful
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What are external forces that influence our actions and lives?
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Social Conditions
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Social sickness is also called what?
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Social Pathology
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True or False: With the adaptation of rebellion, people reject both the goal and the means of reaching the goal, but replace them with different goals and means of reaching them.
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True
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True or False: Secondary deviance is continued deviance.
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True
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Which theory examines how geographical location and features in that location affect crime?
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Environmental criminology
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Which theory says that people have differing amounts of access to illegitimate means of reaching society's goals?
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Differential opportunity theory
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True or False: Merton argued that anomie occurs when society emphasizes a goal but the accepted means to achieve that goal are inadequate.
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True
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True or False: Radical criminology theories argue that crime like most human behavior is learned through watching other people and interacting with them.
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False
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Who argued in the 1960s that society creates deviance and deviant individuals by responding in particular ways to behaviors and actions?
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Howard Becker
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What theory argues that the causes of crime are located in the social conditions of a society that empower the wealthy and disenfranchise the poor and others less fortunate?
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Radical Criminology
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Which theory argues that crime is due to social conflict, social change, and a lack of consensus in the group?
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Social Disorganization Theory
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Who proposed 30 different suggestions for why crime remained high in some areas even when there was high population turn-over?
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Rodney Stark
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Which of the following includes robbery that occurs at businesses and commercial settings, such as banks or convenience stores?
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Institutional Robbery
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True or False: Mass murders are homicides that involve the murder of several individuals in at least three separate events.
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False
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Which of the following is NOT a crime against persons? Homicide, Assault, Robbery, Arson
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Arson
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True or False: Statistics on arson are limited in the sense that only fires classified as arson are reported to agencies like the FBI.
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True
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a crime against property? Larceny, Burglary, Arson, Robbery
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Robbery
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In 2003, the number of homicides was what percent of the total number of crimes reported?
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Less than one percent
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True or False: Crime statistics indicate that arson is the most frequently property crime.
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False
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What type of homicide includes crimes in which the offender planned to kill another person and then carried out the act?
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First Degree Murder
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About what percent of homicide victims knew their killer?
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43%
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True or False: Homicide is the most frequent crime.
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False
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True or False: Females are more likely to be the perpetrator of homicide than males.
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False
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True or False: Assaults have been declining since the early 1990's.
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True
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True or False: Research indicates that most robberies involve little planning on the part of offenders.
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True
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In about what perfect of home robberies involve little planning on the part of offenders.
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Forty Percent
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True or False: Some studies have found that about two-thirds of all individuals have shoplifted at some point in their life.
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True
