question

In his book The Jukes, author Robert Dugsdale concluded that crime is:

answer

Hereditary

question

The superego was identified by Freud as the mediator, or "referee," which works to balance the desires of the id and the controls of the ego.

answer

False

question

Enrico Ferri's saturation theory of crime refers to the idea that:

answer

Crime expands to fit the amount of control machinery assigned to it

question

This theorist claims that the extroverted (outgoing) personality is more delinquent or criminal than the introverted (inhibited) personality.

answer

Hans Eysenck

question

Positivist criminology is largely centered on:

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Empirical research

question

If a person had a medical procedure in the 1940s to alter his or her brain tissue in order to alter their behavior, this would be referred to as:

answer

psychosurgery

question

Which of the following theorists suggested the existence of a "criminal personality"?

answer

Samuel Yochelson and Stanton Samenow

question

In biological positivism, the idea that "survival of the fittest" is applicable to human society is known as:

answer

Social Darwinism

question

The tendency to assume the mutual exclusivity of criminals (defined as prisoners) and noncriminals (defined as nonprisoners) is known as:

answer

The dualistic fallacy

question

A number of phsycial characteristics, including heavy jaw and cheekbones, eye defects, large or small ears, and a strange shaped nose are indicative of:

answer

Physical stigmata

question

According to Freudian theory, this is the socialized part of the personality, eveloped in order to function and gain acceptance in human society.

answer

Superego

question

The most common form of treatment for brain disorders in the contemporary United States is:

answer

Drug treatment

question

Positivistic theory is often criticized as being philosophical and speculative, and lacking an empirical orientation.

answer

False

question

The most important figure in biological positivism was:

answer

Cesare Lombroso

question

Some researchers argue that human females may have evolved superior inhibitory capabilities in the aggression domain.

answer

True

question

The idea that we learn by observing others is attributable to:

answer

Albert Bandura

question

Present-day biological theorists are working to identify the "crime gene" that they believe to be the source of criminal behavior.

answer

False

question

Psychopath, sociopath, and antisocial personality are all terms referring to the same phenomenon - the inadequately socialized personality.

answer

True

question

Present-day biological theories of crime universally reject the influence of environment on criminal behavior.

answer

False

question

The theory that criminals are born as such, and that they are "throwbacks" to an earlier and more primitive evolutionary period, is known as:

answer

Atavism

question

The use of empirical (quantitative) or scientific investigation for the improvement of society is most characteristic of:

answer

Positivism

question

After observing other children fighting on the playground, a young boy begins to pick a fight with one of his classmates. This scenario is most closely an example of:

answer

Social Learning Theory

question

A psychopath develops the same range of emotions as others but they experience those emotions at a much greater level.

answer

False

question

Psychometry refers to a procedure in which parts of the frontal lobes of the brain are destroyed to alter behavior.

answer

False

question

The nature vs nurture debate questions whether criminality is explained by ones environment (nature) or gentics (nurture).

answer

True

question

Modern advocates of the relationship between IQ and delinquency believe that one's IQ is both inherited and acquired over time.

answer

True

question

Which of the following refers to the study of the size and shape of the skull to determine a person's intelligence and personality?

answer

Phrenology

question

Twin studies

answer

Investigate the extent of influence that environmental and genetic factors have on crime

question

The basic premises of positivism include all but which of the following?

answer

Speculation

question

Not all biological differences are inherited as many may be due to the prenatal environment, injury, and inadequate diet.

answer

True

question

Lombroso was the most influential figure in biological positivism.

answer

True

question

The "Twinkie defense" refers to the claim that sugar consumption can serve as a causal agent in crime.

answer

False

question

Which somatotype did Sheldon (1940) propose was linked to criminal behavior?

answer

Mesomorph

question

Variables such as diet, environmental pollution, endocrine imbalance, and allergies have been claimed to have criminogenic influence.

answer

True

question

While our more primitive brain networks are inherited at birth, higher development depends on environmental developments after birth. Which field of study seeks to understand this brain development?

answer

Neurosciences

question

The movement to control degenerates through sterilization, euthanasia, and cutbacks in welfare is known as the:

answer

Social Darwinism movement

question

In Charles Goring's famous study in The English Convict, the author disputes the connection between heredity and crime.

answer

False

question

This approach to child-rearing attempts to encourage positive behavior through the application of pleasure and pain.

answer

Behavioral modification

question

The "XYY syndrome" refers to the belief that men with an extra "Y" chromosome are:

answer

Predisposed to violent and aggressive behavior

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