question

Today there are now __________________ children in the United States.

answer

80 million

question

A hundred and fifty years ago girls matured sexually at age 16. Today they do so at _____ years of age.

answer

12.5

question

__________________ is formed when youths develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for.

answer

Ego identity

question

Which of the following statements about children in the U.S. is false?

answer

In at least half the states in the U.S., more than 40 percent of black children are poor

question

According to the text, about one third of U.S. households with children experience one of three housing problems. Which of the following is not one of these three problems?

answer

housing without nearby recreational facilities

question

Adults 25 years of age and older with less than a high school diploma earn ______ percent less than those who have earned a high school diploma.

answer

30

question

According to the findings of the most recent Youth Risk Behavior Survey, about _____ percent of high school students had smoked cigarettes at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey.

answer

20

question

According to the text, youths who have been arrested four or more times and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts are known as the:

answer

\"chronic juvenile offenders\"

question

A family style wherein the father is the final authority on all family matters and exercises complete control over his wife and children is:

answer

paternalistic

question

Which of the following statements about children in the Middle Ages is false?

answer

The parent-child relationship was particularly close and loving.

question

Voltaire's, Rousseau's, and Locke's vision produced a period known as the _____________________, which stressed a humanistic view of life, freedom, family, reason, and law.

answer

Enlightenment

question

Under the _______________ movement, children were placed in the care of adults who trained them in specific skills.

answer

apprenticeship

question

In a famous 1827 case, a duke's children were taken away from him in the name and interest of parens patriae, because:

answer

his scandalous behavior

question

Which of the following best describes the operating philosophy of the juvenile court under parens patriae?

answer

best interests of the child

question

During the Middle Ages in Great Britain, the chancery courts:

answer

did not have jurisdiction over children charged with criminal conduct

question

What is the criteria on which juvenile sentencing is ideally based?

answer

need for treatment

question

Running away and underage consumption of alcohol represent:

answer

status offenses

question

\"__________________\" minors is the original early designation of youths who violate the law because of their minority status.

answer

Wayward

question

Parents may be held civilly responsible for the conduct of their minor children, under the concept of:

answer

vicarious liability

question

True or False - Kids, whose parents divorce, increase their involvement in delinquency, especially if they have a close bond with the custodial parent.

answer

False

question

True or False - About 5.5 million youths are arrested each year.

answer

False

question

True or False - Under early British jurisprudence, children under the age of seven were legally incapable of committing crimes.

answer

True

question

True or False - Most states define minor child as an individual who falls under a statutory age limit, most commonly thirteen years of age.

answer

False

question

True or False - Unlike adult defendants, children do not have the right to consult an attorney or be free from self-incrimination.

answer

False

question

True or False - According to the text, status offenders are never detained or incarcerated with delinquents.

answer

False

question

True or False - Research studies have consistently found that strict enforcement of curfew laws actually increase juvenile crime rates during curfew hours.

answer

False

question

True or False - Since 1990, there have been no cases in which parents have been ordered to serve time in jail because their children have been truant from school.

answer

False

question

The UCR uses three methods to express crime data. Which of the following is not one of these three methods?

answer

The actual number of crimes for which the suspects were convicted.

question

________________ are questionnaire or survey techniques that ask subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts.

answer

Self reports

question

In 2008, juveniles were responsible for about ___ percent of the property crime arrests.

answer

26

question

In 2008, juveniles were responsible for about ____ percent of all arrests for violent crimes.

answer

16

question

For which of the following acts are females more likely than males to be taken into custody?

answer

running away

question

Males commit _____ property offenses for every one committed by females.

answer

two

question

Males commit _____ serious violent offenses for every 1 committed by females.

answer

4

question

In terms of race and delinquency, the official statistics show that:

answer

minority youths are arrested for serious criminal behavior at a rate that is disproportionate to their representation in the population.

question

Which of the following has been linked with high-rate persistent offending in variety of cultures, time periods and offender types?

answer

age of onset

question

The aging-out process of criminal behavior is also referred to as:

answer

spontaneous remission

question

Which of the following statements about age and delinquency is false?

answer

As juvenile delinquents mature, they become less aware of the risks that accompany crime.

question

Early and repeated delinquency is the best predictor of:

answer

adult criminality

question

Chronic recidivists made up about _____ percent of both Philadelphia cohorts in research conducted by Wolfgang and his associates.

answer

6

question

In the Pennsylvania birth cohort follow-up, it was found that chronic offenders had a(n)_____ percent chance of becoming adult offenders.

answer

80

question

Which of the following statements is true?

answer

all of the above a true

question

According to the text, which of the following is not a childhood risk factor for persistent delinquency?

answer

small family size

question

Childhood risk factors for persistent delinquency include all of the following, except:

answer

interracial background

question

True or False - Manslaughter and forcible rape are examples of part II offenses.

answer

False

question

True or False - Liquor law violations and drug trafficking are examples of part II offenses.

answer

True

question

True or False - Research shows that the more kids watch TV, the more often they get into violent encounters.

answer

True

question

True or False - Most self-report studies indicate that the number of children who break the law is far smaller than official statistics would lead us to believe.

answer

False

question

True or False - According to the text, girls are more likely than boys to be arrested as runaways.

answer

True

question

True or False - Delinquency rates decline with age.

answer

True

question

According to choice theorists, offenders:

answer

are rational actors who choose to crime because they believe their actions will be beneficial

question

According to __________________ theory, delinquency is a function of personal predispositions such as temperament, personality, hormones, or genetics.

answer

trait

question

_______________________ theory views crime as a \"normal\" function modern living.

answer

Routine activities

question

According to the concept of ________________, if offenders are punished severely, the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal acts.

answer

specific deterrence

question

Which of the following statements about specific deterrence is false?

answer

The association between punishment and desistance is logical, and there is plenty of evidence that punitive measures alone deter future delinquency

question

A geographic location that is known to be the scene of repeated delinquent activity is called a:

answer

hot spot

question

Research which links antisocial behavior to a person's diet draws from which theoretical perspective?

answer

biosocial theories

question

Contemporary biochemical factors related to delinquency include each of the following except:

answer

minimal brain dysfunction

question

Which of the following is not a symptom of ADHD?

answer

The individual sustains interest in play activities

question

The _______________________ assumes that LD leads to poor school behavior which leads to frustration, negative self image, and acting out.

answer

school failure rationale

question

Which of the following theories best reflects the branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood?

answer

Psychodynamic theory

question

A psychological condition producing mood swings between wild elation and deep depression is called:

answer

bipolar disorder

question

Erik Erikson coined the term ____________________ to refer to a psychological state in which youth face inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles.

answer

identity crisis

question

__________________ hold that children will model their behavior according to the reactions they receive from others.

answer

Behaviorists

question

It is estimated that the average child views ____________ TV murders before finishing elementary school.

answer

8,000

question

People commit crimes when they model their behavior after others they see being rewarded for the same acts; behavior is reinforced by rewards and extinguished by punishment. Which of the following theories does this best illustrate?

answer

Behavioral

question

True or False - Classical criminology suggests that delinquent acts, especially violent ones, are not rational choices but uncontrollable, irrational behaviors.

answer

False

question

True or False - According to the text, delinquents do not like to travel to commit crimes.

answer

True

question

True or False - Situational crime prevention aims to reduce opportunities to commit crimes by increasing the effort or the risks of criminal activity or by reducing the rewards attached to delinquent acts.

answer

True

question

True or False - Police crackdowns seem to have an effective short-term strategy, but their effect begins to decay once the initial shock effect wears off.

answer

True

question

True or False - People with pathological traits, such as abnormal personality, are at lower risk for crime over the life course.

answer

False

question

True or False - Children with ADHD are more likely to use illicit drugs, alcohol, cigarettes in adolescence.

answer

True

question

True or False - Twin studies and adoption studies provide no evidence that delinquent-producing traits may be inherited.

answer

False

question

True or False - Cognitive theory contends that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment; if people believe illegal behavior will result in severe sanctions, they will choose not to commit crimes.

answer

False

question

Which of the following statements is false?

answer

Stabilization of traditional social institutions typically precedes crime rate increases

question

Which of the following is not one of the critical social factors believed to affect delinquent behaviors presented in the text?

answer

gender disparity

question

The _______________________ theories tie delinquency rates to socioeconomic conditions and cultural values; areas that experience high levels of poverty and social disorganization will also have high delinquency rates.

answer

social structure

question

________________________ is the process of passing on deviant traditions and delinquent values from one from one generation to the next.

answer

Cultural transmission

question

The social structure theories tie delinquency rates to all of the following except:

answer

socialization

question

Relative deprivation refers to a sense of:

answer

injustice when the poor and the rich live in close physical proximity to one another

question

Which of the following best describes social disorganization theory principles?

answer

communities no longer have the capability of regulating the conduct of residents

question

Residents of cohesive communities develop a sense of ___________________; people know one another, develop interpersonal ties, mutual trust and a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and help maintain public order.

answer

collective efficacy

question

This source of strain outlined by Robert Agnew can be caused by the loss of girlfriend, moving to a new neighborhood, or the divorce of parents.

answer

removal of positively valued stimuli

question

\"Delinquency is a result of youths' desire to conform to lower-class neighborhood values that conflict with those of the larger society.\" This statement most closely reflects:

answer

cultural deviance theory

question

There are more than ______________ youths living in poverty in the United States.

answer

14 million

question

Social control theories see delinquency as the result of:

answer

an individual having weakened bonds to family, school, and peers

question

If a youth continually receives negative feedback from significant others, they will interpret this image as accurate and their behavior will begin to conform to these negative expectations. This process is called a:

answer

self-fulfilling prophecy

question

Which of the following theories centers around a view of society in which an elite class uses the law as a means of meeting threats to its status?

answer

critical theory

question

Which of the following would best describe a prevention effort advocated by a social structure theorist?

answer

community redevelopment including educational programs and job training

question

True or False - For most people, membership in the underclass is temporary often lasting a few months.

answer

False

question

True or False - According to social disorganization theory, all people have the potential to become delinquents, but their bonds to conventional society prevent them from violating the law.

answer

False

question

True or False - According to the text, fear of teen crime is much higher in affluent suburbs than in disorganized neighborhoods.

answer

False

question

True or False - Relative deprivation occurs when pockets of extreme poverty are socially and physically isolated from the rest of society.

answer

False

question

True or False - According to cultural deviance theory, obedience to the norms of their lower-class culture puts people in conflict with the norms of the dominant culture.

answer

True

question

True or False - Learning theories assume that children are born good and learn to be bad.

answer

True

question

True or False - Social learning theory stresses that kids learn both how to commit crimes and the attitudes needed to support the behavior.

answer

True

question

True or False - According to social control theory, a person's bond to society prevents him or her from violating social rules; if the bond weakens, the person is free to commit delinquent acts.

answer

True

question

True or False - Social control theory stresses that kids learn both how to commit crimes and the attitudes needed to support the behavior.

answer

False

question

True or False - A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a youth receives negative feedback from significant others, the youth interprets this feedback as accurate, and his/her behavior conforms to this negative expectation.

answer

True

question

True or False - In restorative justice, the community's obligation is to the victim of the crime and not to the offender.

answer

False

CRIJ 1313 – Test 1

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