question

What is FLOW?

answer

a state of self-forgetfulness - play should be something a child feels rather than something a child does

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Characteristics of FLOW

answer

Extreme concentration, Control - Influencing the play - May be short or long-lasting & allows the brain some "quiet time"

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Torrance's definition of FLOW

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creativity is the ability to produce something novel, something w/ the stamp of uniqueness upon it - creativity is an infinite phenomenon a person can be creative in an endless number of ways

question

"Capital C" creativity

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involves bringing into existence something genuinely new that receives social validation enough to be added to the culture

question

Example of "Capital C"

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the invention of the light bulb

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"small c" creativity

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involves ideas or products that are new to the person but only to the person

question

Example of "small c"

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a child's new use of blending finger-paint colors

question

Creativity is

answer

a way of thinking, acting, or making something that is original for the individual & valued by that person or others

question

The Creative Process

answer

first - discovering which involves using imagination, playing w/ ideas, & exploring second - process - involves using learned skills, evaluating, and testing

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What are the 2 types of thinking that produce solutions to problems? (both used in creativity)

answer

convergent & divergent thinking

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Convergent Thinking

answer

usually results in a single answer or solution to a question or problem

question

Divergent Thinking

answer

opens things up & results in many answers to a single problem

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EX of convergent thinking

answer

asking a child how many fish are in the tank - one answer question

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EX of divergent thinking

answer

asking the child to tell you as many things possible about the aquarium

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For young children, a critical criterion for creative potential is

answer

originality

question

Process over product

answer

phrase referring to the belief that the process that leads to originality (exploration & experimentation w/ materials) is more important than the end product

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Importance of Creativity in Children

answer

learning to feel good about themselves, learning to seek many answers to a problem, developing their potential to think, developing their individuality, developing new skills, experiencing the joy of being different

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Importance of Creativity in Teachers

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being able to provide for more & greater variety in the program, learning to recognize children for their unique skills, being able to develop closer relationships w/ children, having fewer behavior problems, using a minimum of standardized curricula & external evaluation

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How was creativity used throughout history?

answer

creation stories, cave paintings & myths

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Characteristics of Creative Children

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determination, curiosity, intuition, a willingness to take risks, a preference for complex ideas & a sense of humor

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Less attractive qualities of creative children

answer

faultfinding, self-satisfaction & apparent discontent

question

Name 5 things a teacher can do to help children develop a willingness to express creativity

answer

help children accept change, help children realize that some problems have no easy answers, help children recognize that many problems have a number of possible answers, help children learn to judge & accept their own feelings, help children feel joy in their creative productions and working through problems, help children appreciate themselves for being different & reward children for being creative

question

hard thinking

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referring to the left brain, which processes information in an analytical & sequential way

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soft thinking

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referring to the right side of the brain, looking first at the whole picture & then at the details processing information in an intuitive way

question

What are some road blocks to creativity

answer

rewards, extrinsic motivation (working for anothers approval), expected external evaluation (knowing beforehand that a piece of work is going to be graded), peer pressure, surveillance, time limits, coloring books, inflexible schedule

question

self-efficiancy

answer

refers to people's judgements about their capability to perform particular tasks. task related self-efficiancy increases the effort & persistence towards challenging tasks; therefore increasing the likelihood that they will be completed

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Bandura's theory

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the basic principle behind self-efficiancy theory is that individuals are more likely to engage in activities for which they have self efficiency & less likely to engage in those they do not

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knowledge and skills are

answer

necessary, a prerequisite for creativity & the base for creativity

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curriculum vs creativity

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curriculum is the guide to determine WHAT will be presented ("what happens") & creativity is the HOW curriculum is presented

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emergent curriculum

answer

based on the students interests & passions as well as the teachers. to plan this type of curriculum requires observation, documentation, creative brainstorming, flexibility & patience

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curiosity

answer

a direct link to creativity

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integrated curriculum

answer

a curriculum in which the artificial divisions among content areas are reduced. most often an integrated curriculum is designed around a unit of study, that is, centered around a specific theme or project

question

differentiated instruction

answer

(a philosophy of teaching & learning) a way of thinking about teaching & learning. its aim is to maximize each child's growth by meeting each child where he or she is & helping the child progress from that point

question

left brain

answer

analytical, logical, successive processer - this person prefers to learn step by step in a sequential format, beginning w/ details leading up to understanding a concept or acquiring a skill

question

right brain

answer

holistic, global, simultaneous processer - this person prefers to to learn beginning w/ the general concept & then going on to specifics

question

skills developed in the left hemisphere

answer

handwriting, symbols, language, reading, phonics, details & facts, talking & reciting, following directions, listening & auditory associations

question

school curriculum is based on what side of the brain

answer

left

question

skills developed in right hemisphere

answer

recognize & process nonverbal sounds, communicate using body language, judgements about relationships of body to space, recognize, draw deal w/ shapes & patterns, distinguish between colors & hues & visualize colors, singing, music, creative art

question

singing, music, creative art is usually in what brain hemisphere

answer

right

question

promoting creativity through positive acceptance adults need to

answer

value children's curiosity, exploration, & original behavior, allow children's individual learning pace, allow children to complete tasks at their own pace, allow children to figure out their own way to do things, keep atmosphere relaxed, encourage guessing & let creative activity be the reward

question

when working w/ older children during differentiated instruction it is important to

answer

encourage creativity, give students extended time, unhurried time, provide students w/ an area to leave work, create a classroom atmosphere where mistakes are acceptable & introduce students to out-of-class experiences

question

one way to help children be creative is to get them to "make things better w/ their imagination" which means?

answer

asking the children to change things to make them the way they would like them to be. EX: what would taste better if it were sweeter? what would be nicer if it was smaller? what would be more fun if it was faster?

question

what is a way that you can encourage a student to use their senses when doing an activity?

answer

ask the students to close their eyes & guess what they hear or close their eyes & guess what has been placed in their hands

question

what are examples of divergent thinking questions?

answer

how can you use water? what floats in water? how does water help us? what always stays underwater? (encourage openness & flexibility)

question

Other types of questions teachers can use to spark creativity are

answer

"what-would happen if" & "in how many different ways"

question

art alone provides no evidence that

answer

test scores will rise BUT art education is increasingly important as schools narrowly focus on curriculum

question

art is important for learning because it teaches

answer

imagining, inventing & thinking

question

analytical

answer

step-by-step sequential format, beginning w/ details leading up to understanding a concept or acquiring a skill

question

global/holistic

answer

words used to describe the right brain tendency to approach learning in general concepts first

question

holistically

answer

looking at things in an overall way

question

simultaneous processor

answer

the right brain thinking approach to learning by beginning w/ the general concept & then go on to specifics

question

successive processor

answer

the left brain thinking approach to learning step-by-step sequential format, beginning w/ details leading up to understanding a concept or acquiring a skill

question

tableaus

answer

"frozen pictures" in which groups of students freeze or pose to act out a scene, a saying, a book title, & so on

question

aesthetics

answer

appreciation for beauty & a feeling of wonder - begins w/ & ends w/ the senses

question

The Aesthetics Movement

answer

began in early 1800s, the term aesthetics was developed by german philosopher Baumgarten, whose work Aesthetica was published in 1750

question

Baumgarten defined aesthetics in his book to be defined as

answer

"science of the beautiful" or "philosophy of taste"

question

what word was used to be the opposite of aesthetica

answer

philistine which meant "one lacking culture"

question

Why is Oscar Wilde important?

answer

most influential figures of the whole movement who lectured & spread the word of the aesthetic movement

question

aesthetic experiences

answer

doing things for the pure joy of it, does not need a practical purpose or reason, goal is a full, rich life for the child

question

multimedia artwork

answer

walk in sculpture environments; mixes of live dance & films; & art exhibitions w/ drama, where actors move into the audience to engage it in the drama, are all ways adults are integrating the arts

question

aesthetic sense

answer

helps children find beauty & wonder in their world & encourages children to speak freely about their own attitudes, feelings & ideas about art (an appreciation for art) EX: "i enjoy what i hear" or "i like what i see"

question

aesthetic learning

answer

joining what one thinks w/ what one feels

question

sensory awareness

answer

helps children focus on the variations & contrasts in the environment, uses all senses (not just sight), firsthand visual perceptions & asks questions to encourage personal response

question

art appreciation

answer

learning to look at & create visual art

question

basic art elements

answer

line, shape/form, color, space, pattern, texture

question

other art terms

answer

foreground, middle & background, contrast, light, design

question

what are the art elements in action

answer

color/hue, space, balance, composition

question

what are the 3 types of sensing & feeling

answer

contact w/ the world (5 senses), what ppl feel within themselves & fantasy

question

3 resources for choosing & organizing aesthetic materials

answer

beautiful "junk", hardware store & children

question

what is "visual noise"

answer

the overuse of visual displays that distracts children from the materials

question

when choosing aesthetic decorations in your classroom you should avoid

answer

cartoon characters, animal characters & stereotypical pictures

question

when choosing aesthetic decorations in your classroom you SHOULD

answer

include artwork & artifacts from existing cultures, include posters w/ art images around the world, images should reflect the children in your classroom's ethnicities

question

good places to purchase aesthetic materials

answer

NAEYC, pier 1 or world bazar or just make your own

question

kid culture

answer

encompasses a broad range of media, including television, computer games, movies, books, comic books, advertising, entertainment, toys, games, & trading cards EX: sharkboy & lava girl

question

developmental level

answer

major areas of growth: physical, social, emotional & intellectual

question

individual differences

answer

children may be the same age but may be preforming at different levels in one or more areas of development

question

Developmentally Appropriate Practice

answer

(DAP) a position of the National Association for the Education of Young Children defining & describing appropriate practice in early childhood programs

question

DAP- emergent curriculum

answer

built on the strengths of the child, arises from play of the children & play of the teachers, the goal is to respond to every child's interests, open-ended & self-directed, focuses on the process of learning

question

5 steps to differentiated instruction

answer

1 know the child 2 determine the learning goal 3 identify proof or evidence they understand what is being taught 4 plan the learning experience 5 reassess & adjust according to new needs & changes

question

process learning

answer

learning in terms of its process rather than its product

question

Gardeners multiple intelligence theory

answer

each of us possesses 8 "intelligences" or ways to be smart

question

bloom's taxonomy

answer

common structure of categorizing questions & designing instruction

question

6 levels of bloom's taxonomy

answer

knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation

question

it is important for teachers to tolerate mistakes because

answer

when children do not have to worry about being perfect, they have more energy to be creative

question

strategies for a successful activity includes preparation

answer

try the activity before hand, make sure all necessary equipment is available, think through the activity, modify the activity to meet the developmental needs of the children, briefly explain the activity so that the children know how to begin & proceed, after the children have started circulate among them

question

when planning a successful activity during the presentation of the activity it is important to

answer

identify goals, possible learning, list materials, decide how to stimulate the children, anticipate questions, evaluate, consider follow-up and clean-up

question

main considerations in the arrangement of space & equipment in classroom

answer

childrens age & developmental levels, supervision, flexibility, traffic flow, personal space, planning for & displaying childrens artwork

question

characteristics of appropriate equipment in classroom

answer

simple in design, versatile, stimulating, large & easy to use, durable

question

qualities of play

answer

practice play (just for fun) constructive (building structures) rough & tumble (laughing & pretending) dramatic (role playing) games w/ rules (governed by parameters)

question

onlooker play

answer

might talk to players but not engage

question

solitary play

answer

independent plays alone w/ no convo w/ others

question

parallel play

answer

plays alone but shares toys & limited congo

question

associative play

answer

still independent players but in a more communual game/action

question

cooperative play

answer

common goal - similar interests - formal game w/ rules/parameters

question

how did piaget define play

answer

play as assimilation - the child's efforts to make environmental stimuli match his or her own concepts

question

how did vygotsky define play

answer

play actually facilitates cognitive development. play does not so much reflect thought as it does creative thought play usually develops in a natural sequence that evolves from a childs level of socialization

question

smilansky found that

answer

dramatic play enhanced children's social skills. cooperative play marked by mutual involvement in a play activity

question

what are some reasons for violent play

answer

violence in everyday life, feelings, media, toys & violence

question

motor development =

answer

physical growth

question

1st pattern of development: large to small muscle

answer

gross (large) motor skills to fine (small) motor skills

question

2nd pattern of development: cephalocaudal development

answer

top to bottom - muscles develop from head down

question

3rd pattern of development: proxomodistal development

answer

from center to outside - from trunk to extrimities - explains why a baby is able to roll over before pulling or sitting up

question

physical disproportions are common from birth to the age

answer

6

question

large muscles develop

answer

first

question

large (gross) muscle activities include

answer

Group murals Tracing body shapes Easel painting Clay pounding Crayon rubbings

question

small (fine) muscle development includes

answer

fingers, hands & wrists

question

Examples of small muscle activities

answer

Painting Cuttings Pasting Clay modeling

question

4 stages for early writing success

answer

set the stage for early writing success: whole arm, whole hand, pincher & pincher coordination

question

basic elements of the human brain (from least complex to most complex)

answer

brain stem, midbrain, cerebellum, limbic system, cortex

question

the cerebral cortex contains

answer

80% of the neurons in the brain

question

critical period of brain development for visual & auditory development

answer

childs capacity for learning to see & hear - birth to 4 & 5 years of age

question

critical period of brain development for language development

answer

prime time for language development & learning to talk is from birth to 10 yrs of age but first few years of life are critical (5 yrs of age to puberty)

question

critical period for physical & motor development

answer

birth to 12 yrs of age

question

critical period for emotional & social development

answer

birth to 12 yrs of age

question

4 main goals of early childhood art programs

answer

Process not product Needs of children Originality and independence Creative thinking Individualized progress

question

what must you consider when planning activities for young preschoolers

answer

they have limited interest spans, even the most interesting activites only hold their attention for 10 to 15 minutes so it is important to plan several activites or alternative activities

question

what must you consider when planning activities w/ special needs

answer

open ended art activist - techniques: demonstration, task breakdown & hand over hand assistance

question

how to motivate children

answer

helping them recall their experiences & record these in art medias - reading a familiar story or singing a song can stimulate art experiences

question

random manipulation

answer

comparable to the early scribble stage - childs interest in the qualities of the material

question

modeling

answer

refers to the manipulation & shaping of flexible materials - help children develop their sense of touch, adaptation to change, their concepts of form & proportion, & esp in older children, their sense of aesthetics

question

assemblage

answer

creative activity that involves placing a number of 3 dimensional objects together to create a unified composition

question

what do children learn in dramatic play

answer

language development & learning to listen & respond to other children & it is a natural source for many other types of learning

question

what is the difference between dramatic play & creative dramatics

answer

dramatic play is free play of very young children in which they explore the universe, imitating the actions & traits of those around them & creative drama is generally used to describe the improvised drama of children age 6 & older

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