question

EMS System

answer

a network of trained officials linked to provide advanced, out-of-hospital care for victims of sudden traumatic injury or illness.

question

EMT

answer

Emergency Medical Technician

question

ABCs

answer

Airway, Breathing, & Circulation

question

CPR

answer

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

question

CJ First Aid Provider Responsibilities

answer

a. Protect your safety, patient safety, and safety of bystanders b. Gain access to the patient c. Determine life-threatening emergencies d. Maintain composure. e. Keep your appearance neat, clean, and professional. f. Maintain a caring attitude g. Alert EMS h. Provide care based on your assessment and skill level i. Assist EMS personnel j. Keep your skills current k. Participate in the record keeping and data collection your agency requires. l. Act as a liaison with other public safety personnel.

question

Duty to Act

answer

a duty to take some action to prevent harm to another and for the failure of which one may be liable depending on the relationship of the parties and the circumstances.

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Standard or Scope of Care

answer

the degree of care that a reasonable person should exercise; under the law of negligence it is" the conduct demanded of a person in a given situation.

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Good Samaritan Act

answer

protects a civilian first aid provider from liability for medical care performed in good faith or medical care similar to that expected of another first aid provider with equal training.

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Abandonment

answer

the relinquishing of a right or interest with the intention of never again claiming it

question

Negligence

answer

the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation; any conduct that falls below the legal standard established to protect others against unreasonable risk of harm, except for conduct that is intentionally, wantonly, or willfully disregardful of other's rights

question

4 condition necessary for Negligence to occur

answer

a. Duty to Act b. Breach of standard of care c. Causation d. Damages

question

Battery

answer

Unlawful physical contact; when you provide emergency care without the patient's consent, you can be charged if you touch a patient's body or clothes

question

Consent

answer

Agreement, approval, or permission as to some act of purpose, especially given voluntarily by the competent person

question

3 types of consent

answer

a. expressed consent b. implied consent c. informed consent

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DNR/DNRO

answer

Do Not Resuscitate (Order) only terminally ill patients can get these; must be signed by patient and a physician

question

Advanced Directive

answer

documents the patient's request to withhold specific medical care; anyone can obtain one of these

question

Implied Consent

answer

consent inferred from one's conduct rather than from one's direct expression; this is the type of consent from an unconscious patient

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Expressed Consent

answer

consent that is clearly and unmistakably stated

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Informed Consent

answer

a person's agreement to allow something to happen made with full knowledge of the risks involved and the alternatives

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Medic Alert

answer

identification bracelet or necklace or wallet card, that alerts you to a specific medical condition

question

Organ Donor

answer

someone that has written legal documentation, a signed donor card, or an organ donor designation on driver's license that indicates that patient is an organ donor.

question

HIPAA of 1996

answer

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996; protects the rights of patients and the release of patient information.

question

Signs of Stress

answer

a. inability to concentrate b. anxiety c. guilt d. changes in sexual desire e. changes in work or recreation habits f. difficulty sleeping, nightmares g. inability to make decisions h. changes in appetite i. isolation

question

3 Ways to Deal with Stress

answer

a. Nutrition b. Exercise c. Relaxation

question

On-Scene Stress Relief Techniques

answer

a. breathing: take several long, deep breaths; focus on counting each breath b. thought patterns: concsciously change your thought patterns; remind yourself that you are essential and in control

question

5 Grief Stages (both family and officer)

answer

a. denial b. anger c. bargaining d. depression e. acceptance

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BSI

answer

Body Substance Isolation

question

Universal Precautions

answer

a set of procedures designed to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens to first aid or health care providers

question

PPE

answer

Personal Protective Equipment

question

Types of PPE

answer

a. Disposable Gloves b. Hand Washing c. Protective Eyewear d. Protective Clothing e. Masks

question

MRSA

answer

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus; type of bacteria that is highly contagious and resistant to certain antibiotics (Staph Infections)

question

Precautions to Avoid MRSA

answer

a, Shower with soap and water asap b. do not share equipment, towels, soap, or any personal care items c. do not share drinking containers d. do not share ointments, creams, or antibiotics e. keep your hands away from your nose, mouth, and eyes f. keep all skin wounds completely covered with a bandage g. wash towels, equipment, uniforms, and any other laundry in hot water and detergent daily

question

AIDS

answer

Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

question

Airborne Infection

answer

any infection that is spread from person to person through the air

question

CDC

answer

Center for Disease Control & Prevention

question

hepatitis A virus

answer

technically not bloodborne, highly infectious but is preventable with BSI and appropriate PPE trasmitted through person to person contact, generally through fecal contamination and oral ingestion.

question

hepatitis B virus

answer

outside occupational setting, sexual contact or sharing contaminated needles is the primary transmission methods. Can remain infectious in dried body fluids for an undetermined time.

question

hepatitis C virus

answer

most common chronic bloodborne infection in the US, approximately 1/3 of infected persons pass through jails and prisons each year. direct contact with blood is how infected, rarely transmitted through sexual contact

question

HIV

answer

Human Immunodeficiency Virus; attacks the immune system, causes AIDS; three stages: asymptomatic, symptomatic, and AIDS

question

STD

answer

Sexually Transmitted Diseases; among the most common infectious diseases in the US; at least 20 identifiable sexually transmitted diseases and infections, seven are the most common: chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, HIV infection and AIDS, syphilis, and hepatitis B. ALL are PREVENTABLE

question

TB

answer

Tuberculosis; 1/3 of worlds population has TB; is an airborne infection

question

OSHA

answer

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

question

Cardiac Muscles

answer

work constantly to expand and contract the heart

question

Central Nervous System

answer

located in the brain and in the spinal cord

question

Circulatory System

answer

pumps blood throughout the body; functions to deliver oxygen and nutrients to and remove waste from the body's tissues

question

Digestive System

answer

has two main functions: ingesting and digesting food and nutrients

question

Endocrine System

answer

regulates body systems by secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream from glands

question

Femur

answer

The upper leg, the longest, strongest bone in the human body (thigh bone)

question

Genitourinary System

answer

responsible for reproduction and waste removal

question

Involumtary Muscles

answer

smooth muscles; carry out many automatic body functions

question

Muscular System

answer

gives the body shape, protects internal organs, and provides body movement

question

Nervous System

answer

controls voluntary and involuntary body activity; also supports higher mental functions, such as thought and emotion

question

Peripheral Nervous System

answer

includes nerves that connect to the spinal cord and branch out to every other part of the body; serve as a two-way communication system.

question

Respiratory System

answer

delivers oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the blood

question

Skeletal System

answer

the supporting framework for the body, giving shape and protecting vital organs

question

Skin

answer

serves as the protective covering for the inside of the body

question

Voluntary Muscles

answer

attached to the skeleton and under the control of the nervous system and brain

question

Trachea

answer

windpipe; passage that connects the upper airway with the lower airway

question

Diaphragm

answer

large muscle below the lungs at the bottom of the chest cavity assists in moving air in and out of the lungs

question

Epiglottis

answer

small leaf-shaped flap at the upper end of the trachea

question

Steps to Scene Size-Up

answer

a. scene safety b. mechanism of injury or nature of the illness c. number of victims d. need for additional rescuers or equipment

question

Whose safety is #1 priority

answer

The officer; patient and bystanders are next

question

Mechanism of Injury

answer

Try to figure out what happened; what was the cause of the incident or injury

question

AVPU

answer

Alert Verbal Pain Unresponsiveness these are the four levels of responsiveness

question

When suspect a spinal injury, use what maneuver to establish airway?

answer

Jaw Thrust

question

If initial assessment suggest spinal injury, what is the first step?

answer

C-Spine; manually stabilize the patient's head and neck in the position you found them

question

Initial Assessment consists of what?

answer

ABCs Airway, Breathing, & Circulation

question

LOC

answer

Level of Consciousness includes attemping to determine if the illness or injury has changed the patient's mental status.

question

How do you assess patient's breathing?

answer

Place side of your face near the patient's mouth and nose and listen for breathing and chest rising and falling

question

How do you calculate breathing rate?

answer

Watch patient's chest rise; count number of breaths taken over 15 seconds; multiply that number by 4

question

How do you calculate pulse rate?

answer

Count number of beats for 15 seconds; multiply that number by 4

question

What is normal breathing rates for adults, children, and infants?

answer

adult: 12 - 20 breaths per minute (bpm) child: 15 - 30 bpm infant: 25 - 50 bpm

question

What is the normal pulse rates for adults, children, and infants?

answer

adult: 60 - 100 bpm Child: 100 - 120 bpm infant: 120 - 160 bpm

question

Quality of breathing is classified how? What does each classification mean?

answer

a. rhythm - interval between breaths - regular: equal time between - irregular: time varies between b. depth of breath - manner of breathing - normal: average/hardly noticeable - shallow: short gasps;very little flow - deep:hyperventilation;largeairflow c. labored or painful breathing (relay rate first and then the qualities, for example, "slow, irregular, and shallow")

question

Perfusion

answer

pulse rate

question

How do you assess circulation of patient?

answer

perfusion (pulse rate), skin color, and skin temperature

question

Pulse quality is classified how? What does each classification mean?

answer

a. rate: normal or outside normal b. rhythm: interval between beats - regular: equal time between beats - irregular: time varies between beats c. force: strength of the pulse - bounding: strong pulse - weak: pulse you can barely feel - also called "thready" (relay rate first and then the quality; example: "slow, irregular, and weak")

question

Where do you check pulse on patients, dependent of consciousness and age?

answer

conscious adult/child: radial pulse unconscious adult/child: carotid pulse infant: brachial pulse

question

How do you check skin temperature?

answer

Use back of hand on the patient's forehead

question

Where are the following pulse found: carotid, brachial, radial, and pedal

answer

carotid: neck brachial: inside of upper arm radial: inside of wrist on the thumb side pedal: top of foot (on bridge) or near ankle

question

Cool skin could mean?

answer

could be suffering from heat exhaustion, shock, or exposure to a cold environment

question

Hot feeling skin could mean?

answer

could have a fever or heat stroke

question

If skin feels hot in one spot only, this could mean?

answer

Could be an infected area

question

Change in body temperature could mean?

answer

could indicate poor circulation

question

Skin quality indicates possible circulation problems; list the skin color and conditions

answer

a. pale b. red (flush) c. blue (cyanosis) d. yellow (jaundice) e. moist f. dry

question

Closed Fracture

answer

The skin at the injury site remains intact

question

Signs/Conditions that Rapidly lead to Shock

answer

a. uncontrolled bleeding b. tender and/or distended abdomen (internal bleeding) c. unstable pelvis d. femur fractures e. anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction)

question

Physical (Secondary) Assessment

answer

a thorough head-to-toe evaluation performed to find other signs of injury or illness by looking, listening, and feeling. carefully work from head-to-toe, inspecting and palpating (touching) each body part before moving to the next

question

DOTS

answer

Deformities Open Injuries Tenderness Swelling This is what trying to assess during the physical assessment.

question

Steps of the Physical Assessment

answer

a. Start at the head b. gently palpate the scalp and skull c. gently palpate the cervical or neck area d. gently squeeze the shoulders e. palpate the chest f. squeeze lightly on the ribcage g. palpate the abdomen h. palpate the pelvis, gently squeeze inward and down i. gently palpate the entire length of each leg; check the PMS (pulse, motor, and sensory capacity in each extremity; check CR j. gently palpate the entire length of each arm; check the PMS and CR k. Check back area for any fluids or injury

question

Cyanosis

answer

skin is blue in color; caused by lack of oxygen

question

distal circulation

answer

circulation that occurs at the furthest point of the central core (arms and legs)

question

PMS

answer

Pulse, Motor, & Sensory Capacity when completing DOTS, in each extremity check the pulse, motor (can the feet push against your hands, can the hands squeeze two fingers), and the sensory capacity (can they tell you that your are pinching the bottom of their foot or their palm and where).

question

SAMPLE

answer

Signs & Symptoms (what can see vs. what they tell you) Allergies (any they have) Medications (prescribed & over counter) Past History (vital/pertinent info) Last Oral Intake (food & medications) Events (what led to incident) method to help acquire vital information in determining causes of injury or illness when completing the physical assessment.

question

If patient is stable, reassess when vs. unstable, reassess when?

answer

stable: 10 to 15 minutes unstable: Every 5 minutes

question

Emergency Move

answer

when a patient is in immediate danger or the patient's location prevents providing care to that patient or another patient

question

Positional Asphyxia

answer

used to describe the placement of a body in a position that interferes with the ability to breathe; application of physical restraints can contribute to this when subject is placed face down

question

Recovery Position

answer

helps maintain an open airway if the patient becomes nauseated or vomits and may prevent positional asphyxia

question

Walking Assist

answer

Most Common non-emergency move for a responsive, ambulatory patient; patients with leg injuries or visual impairments benefit from a walking assist

question

Ambulatory

answer

Capable of walking

question

Emergency Drags

answer

use if the patient is on the floor or ground; make every effort to maintain the patient's head, neck, and shoulder alignment

question

Types of Emergency Drags

answer

One or Two Person Drag Blanket Drag Shoulder Drag Extremity Lift or Carry Two-Person Extremity Lift Two-Person Seat Carry

question

Log Roll

answer

Use only when moving the patient is necessary or when assisting medical personnel; used to roll patient on to their back, front, or side

question

MCI

answer

Multiple Casualty Incident Any incident that involves more than one victim.

question

START

answer

Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment

question

FOG

answer

Field Operations Guide

question

RPM

answer

Respiration, Perfusion, Mental Status

question

Classification of patients according to START protocols?

answer

RED - immediate YELLOW - delayed GREEN - ambulatory (minor) BLACK - deceased (expectant/non- salvageable)

question

CR

answer

Capillary Refill

question

Steps of RPM Assessment

answer

Assess respirations a. if rate is 30/min or less, go to perfusion b. if rate is over 30/min, tag RED c. if the victim is not breathing open the airway, remove obstructions if seen, and assess for (a) or (b) above. d. if the victim is still not breathing, tag BLACK Assess perfusion a. palpate a radial pulse or assessing CR time b. if no radial pulse is present or the CR time is greater than two seconds, tag RED c. if radial pulse is present or CR is two seconds or less, go to mental status assessment Assess mental status a. assess victim's ability to follow simple commands and their orientation to time, place, and person b. if the victim follows simple commands, tag YELLOW c. if the victim does not follow simple commands, is unconscious, or disoriented, tag RED d. Note: Depending on injuries (burns, fractures, bleeding) it may be necessary to tag YELLOW

question

ICS

answer

Incident Command System

question

Triage

answer

term given to sorting and classifying patients; determines which order patients receive medical attention

question

Shock

answer

the failure of the heart and blood vessels to maintain enough oxygen-rich blood flowing to the vital organs of the body; occurs to some degree with every illness or injury Can be life-threatening

question

Signs and Symptoms of Shock

answer

a. anxiety, restlessness, and fainting b. nausea and vomiting c. excessive thirst d. eyes that are vacant and dull with large pupils e. shallow, rapid, and irregular breathing f. pale, cool, or moist (clammy) skin g. weak, rapid, or absent pulse (distal)

question

Treatment for Shock

answer

a. maintain an open airway b. prevent further blood loss by controlling bleeding c. elevate the lower extremities - 6 to 12 in. - if suspect serious head, neck, spinal, or pelvic injuries do not elevate d. keep the patient warm (imperative) e. perform ongoing assessment/maintain ABCs f. be prepared to perform CPR and use an AED if available.

question

Abrasion

answer

open wound caused by scraping, shearing away, or rubbing the outermost skin layer

question

Amputation

answer

gross removal of appendage

question

3 Types of Bleeding and description

answer

Arterial Bleeding: bright red blood spurts from a wound, indicating a severed or damaged artery; carries oxygenated blood Capillary Bleeding: dark red blood oozes slowly from a wound, indicating damaged capillaries (i.e. road rash) Venous Bleeding: dark red blood flows steadily from a wound, indicating a severed or damaged vein (deoxygenated blood)

question

Avulsion

answer

injury characterized by a flap of torn or cut skin that may not be completely loose from the body

question

Bruising

answer

is the obvious discoloration (black & blue) of the soft tissue at the injury site

question

How to Treat/Control Bleeding

answer

a. BSI & PPE b. Cover the wound with a clean dressing c. apply direct pressure - if the 1st layer does not control, do NOT remove it, apply additional layers d. elevate and injured extremity - raise above the heart, while still applying pressure e. Use pressure point - brachial artery: inner arm just above elbow - femoral artery: inner portion of each leg just below the groin f. Last resort is a tourniquet

question

Contusion

answer

a closed injury that is discolored and painful at the injury site; indication of internal bleeding

question

Evisceration

answer

open wound where the organs protude

question

Hematoma

answer

a closed injury that appears as a discolored lump

question

Laceration

answer

open wound that varies in depth and width

question

Puncture Wound

answer

result of driving a sharp or blunt, pointed object into soft tissue

question

Swelling

answer

the soft tissue raised when blood or other body fluids pool beneath the skin at the injury site

question

Tourniquet

answer

a device that restricts blood flow to an extremity, such as an arm or leg; only used as a last resort when the amount of blood lost endangers the victim's life and all other methods have failed

question

Dressing vs. Bandage

answer

Dressing - covering applied directly to wounds. Bandages - coverings that hold dressings in place; they do NOT touch the wound

question

Treatment for Closed Soft Tissue Injuries

answer

Treat a large contusion by applying a cold compress to the injury site and elevating if the injury is in an extremity - contusion is an indication of internal bleeding; large contusions the size of the victim's fist may indicate a 10% blood loss due to the blood pooled at the injury site Small contusions normally do not require treatment; applying cold compress can reduce pain and swelling

question

Open Fracture

answer

the skin at the injury site is broken, and the bone may protrude through the skin; if lacerations appear near the fractured bone, treat the break as an open fracture because you do not know if the bone penetrated the skin

question

MOI

answer

Mechanism of Injury Force breaks a bone

question

Types of Force for MOI

answer

Direct Force: causes injury at the point of impact; force may be delivered from a blow to the head with a baseball bat or as a driver's chest hits the steering wheel Indirect Force: causes injury past the point of impact; the break may occur when a falling person extends the arms to break the fall and breaks his or her elbows Twisting Force: causes injury when one part of a limb remains stationary, while the other twists; the result can be a spiral fracture, a bone break often caused by a sports injury or physical abuse

question

Dislocation

answer

occurs when the end of a bone comes out of its socket at the joint; treatment is the same as with sprains, strains, and fractured bones

question

Fracture

answer

medical term for a broken bone

question

Steps to Assessing Prior to and After Splinting

answer

a. BSI & PPE b. check for DOTS c. check for PMS d. ask patient if feels pain at injury area e. compare the injured extremity to the uninjured extremity f. look for deformities

question

Treatment for Fractured Bones

answer

a. BSI & PPE b. if bone is exposed - cover the exposed bone with dressing - splint the extremity in position found - if suspect: - fractured rib: watch for both sides of the chest to rise and fall equally as the patient breathes. (flail chest or collapsed lung) - fractured skull: assess by gently palpating the head to find deformity - fractured neck, back, or pelvis: assess for pain, movement, and sensation in the feet; unless life-threatening, perform spinal immobilization and wait for EMS - ankle injury: if wearing boots, leave them on and splint around boot - femur fracture: may be life- threatening due to blood loss Treating life-threatening conditions takes precendence over treating fractured bones; life over limb!!

question

Splint, Sling, and Swath (SSS)

answer

Remove jewelry from patient's injured extremity before splinting or have the patient family remove the jewelry; if you remove it, then make sure you document it. To splint properly, immobilize the joints above and below the injury. If you feel a distal pulse, splint the extremity as you find it. To support an injured upper extremity, splint first, then sling and swath. A swath supports the arm, taking pressure off the collarbone; it prevents the arm from moving away from the body.

question

Two types of Amputation

answer

Complete & Incomplete

question

Impaled Object

answer

an object that punctures the soft tissue and stays in place; DO NOT remove the object, unless it obstructs the airway

question

Occlusive Dressing

answer

Airtight bandage used for deep lacerations where it is imperative to keep air from entering the area (i.e. neck wounds). If none available, can use other items such as aluminum foil, saran wrap, plastic bag, etc.

question

How to treat Nosebleeds

answer

A nosebleed can cause shock if enough blood is lost and can be a threat to an unresponsive patient's airway. Instruct patient to sit down and lean forward - NEVER tip patient's head backwards - but not so far that their head is below the heart. If cannot sit and are lying down, elevate the head and shoulders so blood does not drain down the throat. Instruct patient to not blow their nose for several hours, doing so can dislodge naturally clotted blood.

question

Signs and Symptoms of Spinal Injuries

answer

a. constant or intermittent pain or tenderness in the spinal column b. weakness in the legs with or without movement c. respiratory distress d. injury to the head, neck, shoulders, back, and abdomen e. tingling, numbness, loss of sensation in upper or lower extremities f. obvious deformity of the spine (rarely seen) g. loss of bladder or bowel control h. persistent erection in males (lower back injury)

question

If suspect Spinal Injury what do you do?

answer

Stablize the patient's head and neck (C-Spine) and keep in position until EMS completely immobilizes the patient

question

Abdominal Evisceration

answer

an open wound where the organs protrude from the abdominal cavity; use moist dressing to wrap the organs in before using a occlusive dressing over the dressed organs and wound.

question

Closed Chest Injury

answer

results from blunt trauma to the chest area; it damages internal organs and/or causes internal bleeding

question

Flail Chest

answer

a type of closed chest injury; it occurs when two or more adjacent ribs are fractured in two or more places and become free floating

question

Open Chest Injury

answer

occurs when penetration opens the chest area; must use occlusive dressing (taped on three sides to allow a flap for air to escape the chest area, but no air is let into the chest through the wound)

question

Sucking Chest Injury

answer

a type of open chest injury in which air and blood escape into the area surrounding the lungs, creating a change in the pressure in the chest cavity.

question

Full Thickness Burn

answer

3rd degree; damage all skin layers and affect muscles and nerves; skin looks waxy, white, or charred.

question

Inhalation Burn

answer

a burn to any part of the airway; may cause swelling that will obstruct the airway

question

Partial Thickness Burn

answer

2nd degree; damage the first two skin layers, which blister and feel very painful; Do NOT puncture blisters, as the open wound is vulnerable to infection; try to keep blisters intact

question

Superficial Burn

answer

1st degree; damage the first layer of skin, which becomes red and feels very painful; i.e. sunburn

question

Amniotic Sac

answer

bag of fluid surrounding the fetus

question

Birth Canal

answer

passage the fetus is pushed through during delivery

question

Cervix

answer

neck of the uterus; contains a mucus plug

question

Dilation

answer

preparation; first stage begins with the first contraction and continues until the fetus enters the birth canal

question

Expulsion

answer

delivery of the baby; the second stage, the fetus moves through the birth canal and is born

question

Labor

answer

begins the birthing process; begins with the 1st contraction and ends when completely dilated and baby is born

question

Placenta

answer

disk-shaped inner lining of the uterus; provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing fetus

question

Placental

answer

delivery of the placenta; the third stage, the placenta separates from the uterine wall and moves through the birth canal for delivery. This stage usually occurs within 30 minutes of the delivery.

question

Umbilical Cord

answer

cord connecting the fetus and the mother; transports nourishment to the fetus

question

Uterus

answer

organ that holds te developing fetus

question

Asthma

answer

results from the narrowing of airway passages, which causes breathing difficulties; signs and symptoms are breathing difficulty while exhaling, rapid breathing, cyanosis, and a wheezing or whistling sound

question

Heart Attack

answer

caused by oxygen deprivation to part of the heart, typically from blocked blood vessel; may lead to cardiac arrest

question

Stroke

answer

damage to part of the brain due to rupture or blockage of a blood vessel; time is of the essence for transportation and professional treatment; have 3 hours from onset of symptoms for an obstructive stroke

question

Thermal Burn

answer

external heat source (i.e. iron, curling iron); seperate patient from the heat source and apply water

question

Chemical Burn

answer

When chemicals come in contact with the skin (i.e. dry lime); brush off any dry residue and then irrigate the burn with water for at least 20 minutes

question

Electrical Burn

answer

occurs from manmade electricity or lightning; safety first, be sure that the power company shuts off the power if manmade; check for ENTRANCE and EXIT wounds to determine if exposure affected major organs

question

What is the first thing the mother should do when the baby is born?

answer

Should encourage the mother to nurse, it stimulates contractions of the uterus and helps to deliver the placenta and slow bleeding.

question

Complications During Childbirth

answer

a. Prolapsed Umbilical Cord - umbilical cord comes out before the baby's birth b. Umbilical Cord Around the Neck - cord wraps around the baby's neck and you cannot remove the cord c. Breech Birth - occurs when the fetus's feet or buttocks present down the birth canal first d. Limb Presentation - fetus's leg or arm appear first; ER situation e. Excessive Bleeding After Delivery - mother loses about one or two cups of blood during normal childbirth f. Stillborn Delivery - baby who dies long before delivery generally has an unpleasant odor and exhibits no signs of life g. Multiple Births - Deliver in the same manner as single babies

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